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Background of John DowlandJohn Dowland, of Irish origin, was born in 156. He was a lutenist of distinction but failed, allegedly because he was a Catholic, to win a position in the royal service, seeking his fortune abroad at Kassel and later, in 158, at the court of Christian IV of Denmark. He was forced by debt to return to England in 1606 and eventually won appointment as one of the Kings Lutes in 161. He performed during the funeral ceremonies of King James I and himself died the following year, 166. Dowland was the composer, in particular, of one of the best known songs of the period, Flow my teares, music much imitated, epitomising the fashionable humour of the day, melancholy. Dowland himself provided an apt pun on his own name - Dowland, semper dolens (Dowland, always grieving) - although he had a reputation as a cheerful man, yet professionally embittered by his long failure to find employment at court. Dowland was above all the composer of lute-songs, publishing his first collection of airs in 157, followed by a second in 1600 and a third in 160. He left over eighty secular songs and these include Come again sweet love doth now endite, Fine knacks for ladies and Flow my teares, among many others of moving intensity. For the lute itself Dowland wrote Fantasias, and dance-movements, including Pavanes, Galliards, Almains and Jigs. Other Instrumental Music The best known of Dowlands instrumental compositions is his famous Lachrimae or Seaven Teares, for five viols and lute. This work includes a series of dance-movements, chiefly Galliards, and solemn Pavanes, using the theme familiar from the lute-song Flow my teares.
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Most of Downlands music is for his own instrument, the lute. They include several books of solo lute works, lute songs (for one voice and lute), part-songs with lute accompaniment, and several pieces for viol consort with lute. His best known work is the lute song Flow My Teares.Flow My TearesHow does the music match the mood and emotion of the words?The mood of the ayre is sombre and melancholy.The lyrics such as 'Exiled for ever, let me mourn'project a sorrowful and unhappy mood to the piece.The song is sung in first person, which makes it more personal. The lyrics are mournful and despondent and portray the experience had by the singer.This piece and others like it (renaissance period 140-1600) was performed around a large table, with each part of the score a different way up so each instrument could see his/her's part. This causes the music to be more intimate.The singer is explaining the emotions they have gone through throughout the song.In the score, bars 1-1'And teares, and sighs, and groans'.The notes ascend in step and the lute part plays between the words in antiphonal style. Because the notes go up the scale in steps, suspense is caused.Also, bars 5-6'Her sad infamy sings'.The notes descend in step forming a motif that is repeated in bar . The repetition of this four note motif shows the continual pain of the singer.Bar 1'Flow my teares, fall from your springs'.The notes descend, portraying the tears falling down someone's face.This 'word painting' is evident throughout the piece in bars such as 'that in hell'.the notes of this part of the music (B, A and G sharp) decline, depicting the descension into hell.The emotional condition of the singer is represented in bars such as 16-17'my wearie days, my wearie days. The echo represents the delicate state that the singer is currently in, depicting the effect that the other person has had on them.The grave way that the piece is performed signifies the poignancy of the piece and the disposition of the singer.Although the piece is performed in A minor, a tierce de picardie present in the end of the first section alters the piece to A major.The form of the piece is AABBC. A perfect cadence at the end of A and a sus. chord add excitement and suspense to the piece.An imperfect cadence at the end of B also adds drama.The singer is singing treble (the upper half of the vocal range), so this also causes a stimulating and appealing effect on the audience.Because there is only a voice and a lute part, the music is more personal and expressive than with a larger group of instruments.Also, this allows room for change and expression, conveying the meaning of the words in a placid yet effective way False relations give a bittersweet disparity in the piece.For exampleBar 5- Notes of G and G sharp. This juxtaposition of the two notes adds interest to the piece.Choice of key adds a dismal air to the piece, whereas if it began with a major key, the piece would not be so dramatic. Flow My Teares has no time signature which is a common occurrence in the renaissance period.Lyrics were used in place of a time signature by composers such as Dowland.The ayre is a very expressive piece because of this sanction.The words determine the rhythm of the piece.I think that because of this, the music can be interpreted in a more profound way.There is little melisma in the piece, making the words clearer and more definite. The evidence I have provided shows that Dowland's musical style is very intimate, communicative and meaningful.He uses musical ideas such as motifs to express the emotion in the words.Dowland's piece is also performed in such a way that makes the music even more personal and distinct.Instruments and lyrics match the mood of the song. The despair in the music expresses the melancholy of the words.Isobel Manley
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