Comparison of australia and new zealand

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A Comparison of Australia and New Zealand This report will include

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Background information on both countries. Australia and New Zealand's links/comparisons in the following areas # 1 Tourism # Political Relations # Defence # 4 Sport Information on both countries Area Population Gross Domestic Porduct GDP GDP per capita And Other Misc. InformationBackground information on both countriesAustralia's BackgroundAustralia became a commonwealth of the British Empire in 101. It was able to take advantage of its natural resources to rapidly develop its agricultural and manufacturing industries and to make a major contribution to the British effort in World Wars I and II. Long-term concerns include pollution, particularly depletion of the ozone layer, and management and conservation of coastal areas, especially the Great Barrier Reef. A referendum to change Australias status, from a commonwealth headed by the British monarch to an independent republic, was defeated in 1.New Zealand's BackgroundThe British colony of New Zealand became an independent dominion in 107 and supported the UK militarily in both World Wars. New Zealand withdrew from a number of defense alliances during the 170s and 180s. In recent years the government has sought to address longstanding native Maori grievances. Link/Comparison Number 1TourismPeople-to-people links across the Tasman are very close as hundreds of thousands of Australians and New Zealanders cross the Tasman each year as tourists, for business purposes, or to visit family members. One of the reasons many Australian visit New Zealand is because of thier great mountain ranges, which are great for many snow sports. Other reasons for Australians to visit New Zealand are the great natural heritage, all he different types of entertainment such as; wine tasting, hiking, camping, bush walking etc, New Zealand if great for just relaxing.Her are stats for the ammount of New Zealanders comming to Australia as tourist a yearCountry of Residence New Zealand 10 8 40011 441 5001 41 001 46 40014 4 10015 40 70016 60 60017 61 10018 640 5001 660 800This shows we have a desirable counrty fro them to come too, this is for many reasons but one of them is it is so close and easy for them so acess. There are so many things to do and see its no wonder so many tourist come to Australia. Link/Comparison Number Political RelationsAustralia and New Zealand have been closely linked since the early colonial periods of both countries. These links have historically been so close there was even the possibility late last century of New Zealand joining the Australian colonies in a new federation.At a government to government level, the relationship that Australia has with New Zealand is better developed and more extensive than with any other country. The Prime Ministers of the two countries meet annually and consult frequently. For a number of years the Foreign Ministers of Australia and New Zealand have met twice yearly to discuss the overall relationship and foreign policy co-operation. The Trade and Defence Ministers meet their counterparts annually. New Zealand Ministers and their senior officials participate, with their Australian Federal and State counterparts, in many of the Ministerial council meetings which span the Australian domestic policy agendas. In many of these meetings New Zealand attends as a full member, in others as an observer. There is constant exchange of officials between the two governments. The Foreign Affairs and Trade ministries of the two countries exchange officers every year, as do the Defence departments. Information and assessments are regularly exchanged between the two governments.Today there are many areas where people from both countries, including those at the state level in Australia, participate in 'Australasian' meetings and conferences. As well as a comprehensive network of official contacts, there is a huge volume of informal contacts in policy areas that stretches beyond government to non-governmental organisations, business, academia and cultural contacts. All are relevant to the way in which both countries pursue their foreign policy interests together.The Closer Economic Relations (CER) agreement, which took effect on January 1, 18, enabled the relationship to become closer, creating a free trade area between the two countries and facilitating the development of dramatically increased two-way trade and investment. Economically, our two countries are now enormously important to each other. Australia is New Zealands largest trading partner and New Zealand is Australias fourth largest trading partner. Investment has become very substantial, and is broadly balanced.Our close political realations are being show right now thorugh a current affair. New Zealand is willing to process 150 refugees/immigrants, Australia offerent to fund New Zealand to accept them, but New Zealands prime minister, Ms Helen Clark said her country would fund the refugees. Unlike Nauru who are accepting the money. Personally I do not find it is a wise decision for Nauru to accept them even with Australia's funding because thier economy cannot support these people.- More information on this topic in the new article attached, "Howard's 'Pacific soulution' all at Sea"Link/Comparison Number DefenceWhile a formal marriage between the countries did not occur, there has always been a strong trans-Tasman sense of family. Migration, trade and defence ties have helped shape that relationship. The ANZAC tradition, originating in 115 in Gallipoli, did much to cement the bonds.ANZAC Day on 5 April each year marks the anniversary of the first major military action fought together by Australian and New Zealand forces during the First World War. ANZAC stands for Australian and New Zealand Army Corps. The Anzacs formed part of the allied expedition that set out to capture the Gallipoli peninsula in Turkey (then part of the Ottoman Empire). They landed at Gallipoli on 5 April 115. Australia and New Zealand forces have since operated in close combination during World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War and in recent peacekeeping arrangements, notably in Bougainville and East Timor. ANZAC Day is commemorated as a public holiday in both countries with memorial ceremonies held at various locations.Times when Australia and New Zealand have worked togetherEast TimorImmediately following the turmoil in East Timor in 1 an international force - INTERFET - was formed under Australian leadership to restore peace and security. This was achieved over a period of five months in difficult circumstances with no loss of life to is personnel through military action. The success of INTERFET involved Australian and New Zealand military personnel, and continues to do since the transition to the United Nations Transitional Authority in East Timor (UNTAET). BougainvilleAustralia supported and assisted New Zealand's successful efforts in 17 to promote negotiations on the Bougainville situation, first among the Bougainville groupings and then between them and the Papua New Guinea government. These resulted in late 17 in a Truce Monitoring Group led by New Zealand. On 1 May 18 a Peace Monitoring Group under Australian leadership succeeded the Truce Monitoring Group. Australian leaders have warmly acknowledged New Zealand's crucial role in initiating and continuing the process which led to the Bougainville ceasefire.Five Power Defence Arrangement (FPDA)The Five Power Defence Arrangements were adopted in 171. The member nations - Australia, Malaysia, Singapore, the United Kingdom and New Zealand - agreed to consult on what steps to take in the event of any external threat to Malaysia or Singapore. In peacetime, the parties exercise their forces together and undertake other training activities. Since 11, the Defence Ministers have met every three years. At their meeting in July 000 Ministers reaffirmed their commitment to the FPDA and its ongoing relevance to member countries and regional security. They ratified the trend towards more joint exercises of the air, naval and land forces, which has already been occurring by consensus among the five members. They also agreed on the importance of taking further steps to improve the operational capability and interoperability of member nations' forces. Australian Defence Minister John Moore stated these outcomes are seen as positive by Australia. The FPDA has succeeded for almost 0 years, because of its proven flexibility and ability to adapt to changes in regional and national circumstances. Today, it has shown that it continues to be a vigorous and evolving organisation. As an established multilateral security framework, the FPDA has a unique role in Asia. It is of strategic benefit to all member nations and, in Australia's view, to the wider Asia Pacific region, said Mr Moore. Australia commits considerable resources to the FPDA's activities. Our involvement is a practical demonstration of our commitment to the security of Singapore and Malaysia. The FPDA is a key element of our very close bilateral defence ties with both those nations. Link/Comparison Number 4SportSport is another notable area of contact between the two countries. Australias sporting triumphs and rivalries are the source of much interest for followers everywhere, and frequently involve contests with New Zealand teams and individuals. Interest and participation in sports is a major feature of life in Australia including the uniquely Australian sport of Australian Rules Football. Team sports in which Australian men or women have enjoyed consistent international and regional success are cricket, rugby league, netball, rugby union and surf life saving. Individual Australians have also won their way to the top of various codes and international events such as the Olympics, notably in tennis, swimming, golf and motorcycle racing. The long list of champions also includes racehorses - including the disputed Phar Lap - often made famous at Australias biggest annual sporting event, the Melbourne Cup.Many Australians also visit New Zealand for the great snowy mountains, with long vertical trails it is any skier/snowboarders dream. There are also many New Zealanders that come to Australia for the great surf. Information on the countries Stats/Other InfoAustraliaGeographyLocation Oceania, continent between the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific OceanGeographic coordinates 7 00 S, 1 00 EMap references OceaniaArea total 7,686,850 sq kmland 7,617,0 sq kmwater 68,0 sq kmnote includes Lord Howe Island and Macquarie IslandArea - comparative slightly smaller than the USLand boundaries 0 kmCoastline 5,760 kmMaritime claims contiguous zone 4 nmcontinental shelf 00 nm or to the edge of the continental marginexclusive economic zone 00 nmterritorial sea 1 nmClimate generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in northTerrain mostly low plateau with deserts; fertile plain in southeastElevation extremeslowest point Lake Eyre -15 mhighest point Mount Kosciuszko , mNatural resources bauxite, coal, iron ore, copper, tin, silver, uranium, nickel, tungsten, mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds, natural gas, petroleumLand usearable land 6%permanent crops 0%permanent pastures 54%forests and woodland 1%other 1% (1 est.)Irrigated land 1,070 sq km (1 est.)Natural hazards cyclones along the coast; severe droughtsEnvironment - current issuessoil erosion from overgrazing, industrial development, urbanization, and poor farming practices; soil salinity rising due to the use of poor quality water; desertification; clearing for agricultural purposes threatens the natural habitat of many unique animal and plant species; the Great Barrier Reef off the northeast coast, the largest coral reef in the world, is threatened by increased shipping and its popularity as a tourist site; limited natural fresh water resourcesEnvironment - international agreements party toAntarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 8, Tropical Timber 4, Wetlands, Whalingsigned, but not ratifiedClimate Change-Kyoto Protocol, DesertificationGeography - noteworlds smallest continent but sixth-largest country; population concentrated along the eastern and southeastern coasts; regular, tropical, invigorating, sea breeze known as the Doctor occurs along the west coast in the summerPeoplePopulation 1,16,08 (July 000 est.)Age structure0-14 years1% (male ,05,05; female 1,54,54)15-64 years67% (male 6,458,08; female 6,,475)65 years and over1% (male 1,040,50; female 1,40,7) (000 est.)Population growth rate 1.0% (000 est.)Birth rate 1.08 births/1,000 population (000 est.)Death rate 7.1 deaths/1,000 population (000 est.)Net migration rate4.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (000 est.)Sex ratioat birth 1.06 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years 1.05 male(s)/female15-64 years 1.0 male(s)/female65 years and over 0.78 male(s)/female total population 0. male(s)/female (000 est.)Infant mortality rate 5.04 deaths/1,000 live births (000 est.)Life expectancy at birthtotal population 7.75 yearsmale 76. yearsfemale 8.74 years (000 est.)Total fertility rate 1.7 children born/woman (000 est.)Ethnic groups Caucasian %, Asian 7%, aboriginal and other 1%Religions Anglican 6.1%, Roman Catholic 6%, other Christian 4.%, non-Christian 11%Languages English, native languagesLiteracy definition age 15 and over can read and write EconomyEconomy - overviewAustralia has a prosperous Western-style capitalist economy, with a per capita GDP at the level of the four dominant West European economies. Rich in natural resources, Australia is a major exporter of agricultural products, minerals, metals, and fossil fuels. Commodities account for 57% of the value of total exports, so that a downturn in world commodity prices can have a big impact on the economy. The government is pushing for increased exports of manufactured goods, but competition in international markets continues to be severe. While Australia has suffered from the low growth and high unemployment characterizing the OECD countries in the early 10s and during the recent financial problems in East Asia, the economy has expanded at a solid 4% annual growth pace in the last five years. Canberras emphasis on reforms is a key factor behind the economys resilience to the regional crisis and its stronger than expected growth rate. Growth in 000 will depend on key international commodity prices, the extent of recovery in nearby Asian economies, and the strength of US and European markets.GDP purchasing power parity - $416. billion (1 est.)GDP - real growth rate 4.% (1 est.)GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $,00 (1 est.)GDP - composition by sector agriculture%industry 6%services 71% (18 est.)Labor force 8. million (December 1)Labor force - by occupation services 7%, industry %, agriculture 5% (17 est.)Unemployment rate 7.5% (1)Budget revenues $0.7 billionexpenditures $8.04 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY8/ est.)Industries mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals, steelNew Zealand GeographyLocation Oceania, islands in the South Pacific Ocean, southeast of AustraliaGeographic coordinates 41 00 S, 174 00 EMap references OceaniaAreatotal 68,680 sq kmland 68,670 sq kmwater 10 sq kmnote includes Antipodes Islands, Auckland Islands, Bounty Islands, Campbell Island, Chatham Islands, and Kermadec IslandsArea - comparative about the size of ColoradoCoastline 15,14 kmClimate temperate with sharp regional contrastsTerrain predominately mountainous with some large coastal plainsElevation extremeslowest point Pacific Ocean 0 mhighest point Mount Cook ,764 mNatural resources natural gas, iron ore, sand, coal, timber, hydropower, gold, limestoneLand usearable land %permanent crops 5%permanent pastures 50%forests and woodland 8%other 8% (1 est.)Irrigated land ,850 sq km (1 est.)Natural hazardsearthquakes are common, though usually not severe; volcanic activityEnvironment - current issuesdeforestation; soil erosion; native flora and fauna hard-hit by species introduced from outsideEnvironment - international agreementsparty to Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 8, Tropical Timber 4, Wetlands, WhalingGeography - noteabout 80% of the population lives in citiesPeoplePopulation ,81,76 (July 000 est.)Age structure0-14 years % (male 440,84; female 41,740)15-64 years 66% (male 1,6,710; female 1,54,58)65 years and over 11% (male 11,511; female 4,01) (000 est.)Population growth rate 1.17% (000 est.)Birth rate 14.8 births/1,000 population (000 est.)Death rate 7.57 deaths/1,000 population (000 est.)Net migration rate 4.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (000 est.)Sex ratioat birth1.05 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years1.05 male(s)/female15-64 years1.01 male(s)/female65 years and over0.77 male(s)/femaletotal population0. male(s)/female (000 est.)Economy - overviewSince 184 the government has accomplished major economic restructuring, moving an agrarian economy dependent on concessionary British market access toward a more industrialized, free market economy that can compete globally. This dynamic growth has boosted real incomes, broadened and deepened the technological capabilities of the industrial sector, and contained inflationary pressures. Inflation remains among the lowest in the industrial world. Per capita GDP has been moving up toward the levels of the big West European economies. New Zealands heavy dependence on trade leaves its growth prospects vulnerable to economic performance in Asia, Europe, and the US. Moderate growth probably will characterize 000.GDPpurchasing power parity - $6.8 billion (1 est.)GDP - real growth rate.1% (1 est.)GDP - per capitapurchasing power parity - $17,400 (1 est.)GDP - composition by sectoragriculture8%industry%services6% (18)Inflation rate (consumer prices)1.% (1 est.)Labor force1.86 million (18)Labor force - by occupationservices 65%, industry 5%, agriculture 10% (15)Unemployment rate7% (1 est.)Budgetrevenues$4. billionexpenditures$.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY7/8 est.)Industriesfood processing, wood and paper products, textiles, machinery, transportation equipment, banking and insurance, tourism, mining

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Chapters 2 and 3 of Gulliver's Travels

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In Gulliver's Travels, Jonathan Swift satirizes all of English society of his time. More than any other group, it seems clear that the Lilliputians who capture and "control" Gulliver are representative of the politicians who ran England in Swift's time. In attempting to control Gulliver, the Lilliputians exhibit the characteristics of arrogance, greed, and ambition. Each of these traits, while perhaps necessary for political mobility, are given a negative connotation. Moreover, they seem to instill in Gulliver an inclination toward submission. In Swift's satire, this is a commentary on the attitudes and actions of the English nobility and the effect on the average English citizen. According to Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, arrogance is "that species of pride which . . . exalts the worth of importance of the person to an undue degree." The first instance of such arrogance in Chapter is in the description of the Emperor on page 81. In naming specifically those features that can be identified as "royal," Swift satirizes the ideal English man, so to speak. The Prince is tall, "strong and masculine, with an Austrian lip, and arched nose, his complexion olive, his countenance erect." Additionally, he has well proportioned body and limbs, graceful motions and a majestic deportment. Swift also comments on the prime age of an absolute monarch, which lies somewhere after 1 and before "twenty-eight years and three quarters." The importance of such features of a ruling monarch is greatly exaggerrated, which implies arrogance. It is possible that one reason the Emperor maintains power even "past his prime" is that he is also the ideal Lilliputian. There is, on page 8, another description of the Emperor of Lilliput. Although written by Skyresh Bolgolam, a courtier, it seems to describe the Emperor's view of himself. The Emperor is "delight," "terror," "pleasant," "comfortable," "fruitful," and "dreadful." It seems as if he is more than a little taken with himself and his power. This passage contains other evidence of Lilliputian arrogance, as well. Although it is a document discussing Gulliver's release, the articles don't even call him by name. To the Lilliputians, he is still "Man-Mountain," even after he has "earned" his release. He is a monster in their custody. A final indication of arrogance in Lilliput is in the structure of society. There is, as in England, a system of ranked nobility. Additionally, there are servants. Throughout Chapters and , Gulliver himself seems to be affected by the Lilliputians' power. He submits to them, even going so far as to sign a treaty of sorts regarding his responsibility after being set free. On page 0, he mentions that the Emperor hoped that Gulliver himself "should prove a useful servant." The idea that the Lilliputians really had such control over Gulliver, or "Man-Mountain," as they referred to him, may seem absurd, but the fact is that Gulliver himself subscribed to the idea. This is yet another example of the arrogance of the Lilliputians, and its effect on a man prepared to accept the role of a commoner in a noble society.

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The second vice evident in Swift's satire is greed. Greed is defined in The American Heritage Dictionary as "an excessive desire to acquire or possess more than what one needs or deserves." On page 85, after having taken an inventory of Gulliver's possessions, the Emperor has his men seize his scimitar, pocket pistols, and money pouch. It is difficult to identify what uses the Lilliputians could possibly have for weapons they could not lift and money they could not spend. However, they seem to be aware that in some society, these articles have value, and desire the goods for that reason. The greed of the Lilliputians, or at least of their nobility, is also evident in their attire. When the Emperor first approaches Gulliver, he wore on his head "a light helmet of gold, adorned with jewels, and a plume on the crest." (81). This helmet, which couldn't have been any use in battle, is merely for show. Similarly, the hilt and scabbard of the Emperor's sword were "gold enriched with diamonds." Like the treasured weapons and armor of most nobility, these are simply evidence of wealth. Although the Emperor's reign had been "generally victorious," Gulliver says on page 8 that the subjects of Lilliput "are bound to attend him [the Emperor] in his wars at their own expense." It may be assumed that this expense includes not only monetary cost but also the expense of life. Each of these facts seems to parallel the role of a monarch in any society, according to Swift. The final vice identified by Swift in his satire of English society is ambition. In fact, it is not widely accepted that ambition is a bad trait. This characteristic is actually portrayed in the most comical way and is more of a commentary on the circus that is the political world than on the negative aspects of ambition. The first instance of the games played by ambitious politicians is in the rope-dancing on page 86. Feats on the tightrope are performed only by "those persons who are candidates for great employments, and high favor, at court." While the persons who participate are not always of noble birth, it is most commonly the nobles who compete for positions at court. One important line on page 86 indicates that the these rope-dancing contests take place "when a great office is vacant either by death or disgrace (which often happens)." Evidently, in Lilliputian society, it doesn't take much to lose your place in the hierarchy of power and in order to regain such power, you must be a performer. More than any other part of Chapters and , Swift's description of the rope-dancing is a satire of the English political arena. A second example of ambition in Lilliputian politics is found on page 87. In order to claim the Emperor's favor, nobles must "undergo a trial of dexterity very different than the former." Gulliver refers to this as "leaping and creeping" and describes it as a "trial of dexterity." This exercise is not used to award political power, but to identify nobles according to the Emperor's favor in the public eye, through the use of colored sashes. In English society, this might represent the vast difference in the dress of the nobles and peasants, all according to power awarded indiscriminately by the absolute monarch. Throughout Gulliver's Travels, there is satire. In his description of the Lilliputian nobility, Swift satirizes the personality traits of arrogance, greed and ambition. Additionally, he finds humor in the actions of these nobles. What makes this satire ring most true is that Gulliver immediately falls into the role of commoner. It seems as if the Lilliputian nobility most closely resemble the ruling powers of the society from whence he came. For this reason, Gulliver accepts the restrictions the Emperor placed on him and even seems to be impressed by the political acrobatics he witnesses at court. Lemuel Gulliver is representative of the typical English commoner just as the nobles of the court of Lilliput are representative of the English nobility of Swift's day.

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Cloud Peak

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As humans we all have certain character flaws. My personal flaw is that I sometimes think too much. It is also commonly accepted that as humans we are unique in processing a heightened awareness of our surroundings and our role in them. Whether this truly is unique to Homo sapiens is not so certain to me, but I do know that I personally have spent a large portion of my life thinking about existence and purpose. Over the relatively insignificant twenty one years of my life I have been forever building upon my experiences and ponderings to form a world view that is very distinct from any other. In actuality, these feelings have grown to become even more than a world view, because they attempt to address my questions of existence and purpose and peace. I define these feelings as my religion. These feelings usually center on the natural world, which I try to respect with every breath. I believe that every single microscopic and seemingly unessential iota of this universe has a place, a divine reason for being, that is probably just as crucial to the whole of existence as any one of us. I revel in the natural awesomeness of all places, but especially those that exist in a more uncorrupted and balanced state, no matter how barren or unforgiving they may seem to us as humans. Thus, when I get a brief chance to explore these places I tend to get a little too ambitious. I can be perfectly content examining one small handful of earth and its inhabitants for hours on end, but I also take pride in my nomadic abilities. It just seems that I have an inborn urge to "cover ground@. As a result, some of my most inspiring memories are of scrambling and gasping up rather challenging mountains where a fit hiker can climb from the lush hardwood forests to wind scorched boulder fields in a matter of hours. I can=t even really explain the satisfaction that I get from such grueling hikes, but in some way my toil and suffering almost seems like an offering of myself back to nature and its own universal laws, back to the era of survival of the fittest. My most recent ascent was of Bomber Mountain and Cloud Peak, two neighboring mountains in the Bighorn Range of Wyoming. My parents had wandered west for our annual family vacation, and they too were eager for a hike in one of our favorite wildernesses. Of course, it still was a vacation, and we did not actually begin our trek until slightly after 00 a.m. We had been warned by a local that our goals were a little unrealistic and that Mirror Lake was a rather difficult hike for only one day, but were undeterred. We decided to keep our plans flexible, head that direction, and see what would happen.

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The weather was gorgeous when we left, but slowly worsened as we climbed. Actually, that is a relative statement that assumes the weather existed just for us, and I should instead say that the weather became less and less conducive to hiking. It became somewhat colder, but more ominously rain clouds appeared to be blowing in. Undaunted, we still made far better time than predicted, and we reached Mirror Lake shortly after noon. On the brim of this almost painfully beautiful alpine lake we snacked and debriefed. My parents were tired and sore, while I was ready to set my own pace and see far more. So I collected a few small snacks, some water, and the map and headed up to Florence Pass. I was anxious to see how much it had changed in the past thirteen months, and I made excellent time. This encouraged me to climb further still in search of the sixty year old bomber wreckage that gave this foreboding mass of broken rock the name Bomber Mountain. Again I fared far better than expected and found the wreckage in short order. While investigating the twisted pieces and trying to read their story, I met a father and son team who had spent a great deal of time hiking in the area. They explained precisely how to get to Cloud Peak, the highest in the range, and what to do if I wanted to challenge myself on its boulder cluttered slopes. They insisted that I go back to the truck and load up with enough gear for two days. I could then, if I really hustled, climb back up to Mirror Lake and camp there for the night. This would put me in the perfect position to tackle Cloud Peak in the morning, but even with this head start the scramble up Cloud Peak and back in one day would be pushing the envelope. I thanked them for their help and then proceeded up the slope to the ridge, just to earn a distant glimpse of Cloud Peak. I honestly intended on following their advice and only wanted to familiarize myself with the next day's route to the summit. I am rather goal oriented and ambitious, and when I saw that summit one of my character flaws again came to the surface. I started to rationalize an excuse to go for it all, right then and there. I had already proven that I could cover far more ground than anyone expected, why shouldn't I continue? The weather looked hostile, but it had been threatening for hours now and had never intensified. The summit seemed only inches away, and I could hear the irresistible Sereines' calling to me. So, against all notions of reality, I began descending the precipitous chasm that separates Bomber Mountain and Cloud Peak. I am still surprised that I survived unscathed. It was definitely not an approved route, unless you are a mountain goat. I think that I sent about half of that ancient mountain clinking down before me in the incessant small rockslides that I created. What matters, though, is that I made it to the bottom in impressive time, which was all the more motivation to push on. As I began my climb up the opposite side of this rock strewn rift the weather final began to follow up on its threats. Soon, lightning, rain, and then freezing rain drove me to cower beneath a large boulder. But the storm began to subside within a few minutes and I was soon back on my feet and moving fast. The steepness quickly intensified, and then the boulders began growing in enormity. Before long the thin air mercilessly forced me to pause for breath almost as much as I climbed. The strain and fatigue was starting to even affect my thinking as all other thoughts drained from my consciousness. All I could think of was reaching that peak, and every time I clawed up over a ridge I was sure that I had finally accomplished my goal, or at least until I would look up to behold yet another sea of rocks. This went on for quite some time until suddenly, at over 1,000 feet, I reached a sheer precipice which almost seemed to be the end of creation. It actually scared me at its almost instantaneous appearance. Below me, by at least a thousand feet, was a small, dirty, and ribbed glacier slowly creeping into an electric blue lake. This view took my breath away, which was the last thing I needed. As I tore my eyes away form the lake's enticing beauty I could see mile after mile of forested mountains and lakes. Then, suddenly, I remembered what I had come for. I gingerly turned one hundred and sixty degrees to my left to gaze upon, only a few hundred yards away, the cairn that marks the summit of Cloud Peak. With one parting look below I began my stride up those remaining few boulders. I had done it. My life was, for at least that moment in time, complete. I had made my offering. I was exceptionally cold and fatigued, but it was all worth it a million times over. Now I only had to get home intact. Which is another story all its own.

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Full health While playing a game, press R1, R, L1, Circle, Left, Down, Right, Up, Left, Down, Right, Up. If you entered the code correctly, a message will appear. Note If this code is enabled when there is damage on your car, the meter will be reset to zero without changing the visible effects of the damage. -From DUKE44JB@aol.comArmor While playing a game, press R1, R, L1, X, Left, Down, Right, Up, Left, Down, Right, Up. If you entered the code correctly, a message will appear. -From DUKE44JB@aol.com

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Weapons (tier 1) While playing a game, press R1, R, L1, R, Left, Down, Right, Up, Left, Down, Right, Up. If you entered the code correctly, a message will appear. The least powerful weapons in each category will be unlocked. -From DaPlantman17@cs.com and Natedawg000@aol.comWeapons (tier ) While playing a game, press R1, R, L1, R, Left, Down, Right, Up, Left, Down(), Left. If you entered the code correctly, a message will appear. -From epsilon@box.ms and DRAGSTAR1@cs.comWeapons (tier ) While playing a game, press R1, R, L1, R, Left, Down, Right, Up, Left, Down(). If you entered the code correctly, a message will appear. -From epsilon@box.ms and DRAGSTAR1@cs.comRaise wanted level While playing a game, press R1(), Circle, R, Left, Right, Left, Right, Left, Right. If you entered the code correctly, a message will appear. -From XRaid@aol.com and Lauraew1@aol.comLower wanted level While playing a game, press R1(), Circle, R, Up, Down, Up, Down, Up, Down. If you entered the code correctly, a message will appear. -From XRaid@aol.com and Lauraew1@aol.comBloodring Banger While playing a game, press Up, Right(), L1, Right, Up, Square, L. If you entered the code correctly, a message will appear. -From epsilon@box.ms and DRAGSTAR1@cs.comBloodring Racer While playing a game, press Down, R1, Circle, L(), X, R1, L1, Left(). If you entered the code correctly, a message will appear. -From epsilon@box.ms and DRAGSTAR1@cs.comRhino tank While playing a game, press Circle(), L1, Circle(), L1, L, R1, Triangle, Circle, Triangle. If you entered the code correctly, a message will appear. -From Darkzombie04@aol.com and brianwalling@ameritech.netRomeros Hearse While playing a game, press Down, R, Down, R1, L, Left, R1, L1, Left, Right. If you entered the code correctly, a message will appear. -From epsilon@box.ms and DRAGSTAR1@cs.comSabre Turbo While playing a game, press Right, L, Down, L(), X, R1, L1, Circle, Left. If you entered the code correctly, a message will appear. -From epsilon@box.ms and DRAGSTAR1@cs.comTrashmaster While playing a game, press Circle, R1, Circle, R1, Left(), R1, L1, Circle, Right. If you entered the code correctly, a message will appear. -From epsilon@box.ms and DRAGSTAR1@cs.comAlternate costume While playing a game, press Right(), Left, Up, L1, L, Left, Up, Down, Right. If you entered the code correctly, a message will appear. -From epsilon@box.ms and DRAGSTAR1@cs.comCars float on water While playing a game, press Right, R, Circle, R1, L, Square, R1, R. If you entered the code correctly, a message will appear..Increase your vehicles top speed While playing a game, press Right, R1, Up, L(), Left, R1, L1, R1(). If you entered the code correctly, a message will appear.Faster car While playing a game, press R1, R, L1(), Left, Down, Right, Up, Left, Down, Right, Up. No confirmation message will appear.Destroy cars While playing a game, press R, L, R1, L1, L, R, Square, Triangle, Circle, Triangle, L, L1. If you entered the code correctly, a message will appear. -From epsilon@box.ms and DRAGSTAR1@cs.comBetter driving skills While playing a game, press Triangle, R1(), Left, R1, L1, R, L1. If you entered the code correctly, a message will appear. Press L or R to jump while driving. -From epsilon@box.ms and DRAGSTAR1@cs.comAggressive traffic While playing a game, press R, Circle, R1, L, Left, R1, L1, R, L. If you entered the code correctly, a message will appear. -From XRaid@aol.com and Lauraew1@aol.comPink traffic While playing a game, press Circle, L1, Down, L, Left, X, R1, L1, Right, Circle or X. If you entered the code correctly, a message will appear. -From XRaid@aol.com and Lauraew1@aol.comBlack traffic While playing a game, press Circle, L, Up, R1, Left, X, R1, L1, Left, Circle. If you entered the code correctly, a message will appear. -From XRaid@aol.com and Lauraew1@aol.comPedestrians riot While playing a game, press Down, Left, Up, Left, X, R, R1, L, L1. If you entered the code correctly, a message will appear. -From epsilon@box.ms and DRAGSTAR1@cs.comPedestrians attack you While playing a game, press Down, Up(), X, R, R1, L(). If you entered the code correctly, a message will appear. -From epsilon@box.ms and DRAGSTAR1@cs.comPedestrians have weapons While playing a game, press R, R1, X, Triangle, X, Triangle, Up, Down. If you entered the code correctly, a message will appear. -From epsilon@box.ms and DRAGSTAR1@cs.comPedestrians from Thriller While playing a game, press Square, L1, Triangle, R, Square, L1(). No confirmation message will appear. Several pedestrians will resemble Michael Jackson and others will look like zombies and other characters from his Thriller music video.Police return from dead While playing a game, press Circle, L1, Down, L, Left, X, R1, L1, Right, X. If you entered the code correctly, a message will appear. -From epsilon@box.ms and DRAGSTAR1@cs.comSlower game play While playing a game, press Triangle, Up, Right, Down, Square, R, R1. If you entered the code correctly, a message will appear. -From lethal_visionz@hotmail.comNormal weather While playing a game, press R, X, L1(), L(), Down. If you entered the code correctly, a message will appear. -From XRaid@aol.com and Lauraew1@aol.comSunny weather While playing a game, press R, X, L1(), L(), Triangle. If you entered the code correctly, a message will appear. -From XRaid@aol.com and Lauraew1@aol.comRainy weather While playing a game, press R, X, L1(), L(), Circle. If you entered the code correctly, a message will appear. -From XRaid@aol.com and Lauraew1@aol.comFoggy weather While playing a game, press R, X, L1(), L(), X. If you entered the code correctly, a message will appear. -From XRaid@aol.com and Lauraew1@aol.comOvercast skies While playing a game, press R, X, L1(), L(), Square. If you entered the code correctly, a message will appear. -From epsilon@box.ms and DRAGSTAR1@cs.comBikini women with guns While playing a game, press Right, L1, Circle, L, Left, X, R1, L1(), X. If you entered the code correctly, a message will appear. The women will drop guns when they are killed. -From XRaid@aol.com and Lauraew1@aol.comGirls follow Tommy While playing a game, press Circle, X, L1(), R, X(), Circle, Triangle. If you entered the code correctly, a message will appear. -From XRaid@aol.com and Lauraew1@aol.comDisplay media level meter While playing a game, press R, Circle, Up, L1, Right, R1, Right, Up, Square, Triangle. If you entered the code correctly, a message will appear. The meter displays how long your pursuit has lasted and the level of news coverage it is generating. It will appear below your wanted level..Clearer graphics Pause the game and go to Display, then select Trails and turn that option off. The game will be much clearer...Extra health on pizza missions Go behind the pizza restaurant near the beach and steal the pizza delivery moped and press R to start the pizza missions. Successfully deliver 55 consecutive pizzas to increase your maximum health from 100 to 150.Infinite sprint/stamina on paramedic missions Steal an ambulance and press R to start the paramedic missions. Get to level 1 to have unlimited sprint/stamina.Extra armor on vigilante missions Steal a law enforcement-class vehicle and press R to start the vigilante missions. Get to level 1 to increase your maximum armor from 100 to 150.Easy money Occasionally as you wander around the city, you will encounter a cop fighting with a gang member (especially in Northpoint Mall). If you step in and hit the gang member, you will receive a $50 Good Citizens Bonus when the gang member dies. Once the guy is on the ground, you can continue to kick him and receive the bonus two or three more times (until the body disappears). This is an easy way to get some quick cash, and do some fighting in the process. Also, knock over the parking meters on the sides of the streets to get money. Additionally, purchasing the strip club or the docks will earn you extra money.Easy money in Little Haiti Go to the location of the Ryton Aid and the adjacent Pay And Spray. Steal any car and park it directly in front of the Pay And Spray. Enter the Ryton Aid and rob it by pointing a gun at the clerk until you have three stars on your wanted meter. Drop the gun, take the money, and run outside to your car. Drive it into the Pay And Spray. If you got hit by the police, return to the store after your car is repainted and get the health power-up. Run down the block and a new clerk will be back in Ryton Aid. Repeat this process to get easy money.Easy money in North Point To get an easy $00 to $00, go to North Point Mall and follow a police officer until he begins chasing someone. Attack that person with your fists (no brass knuckles -- you gain more money without them) to get $50 for every punch you throw. Be sure not to hit the police officer. Also, go to the North Point mall at the far end of town (from the hideout). Find The Gap and the CD store. Rob the CD store by aiming at the clerk with auto aim. Wait until you get only one star. When he sets the alarm off you will get another star. Then, run to The Gap and get a change of clothes. The stars will go away. You can rob the CD store clerk again. If he is not there, go downstairs at The Gap and rob that clerk, going back and forth. This saves you a trip to the CD store just to find out that the clerk is on break.RC Baron Race in North Point Get in the Toy Fun Van on the top of the parking garage next to the mall to start the RC Baron Race, in which you will fly RC planes across the island.Grand Theft Auto screens in North Point In the North Point Mall, go into the Tarbrush Cafe. Go behind the counter and take a look at the registers. You will find screens from the original Grand Theft Auto.Secret rooftop hideout in downtown Go to the Greasy Choppers Bike Club. Go north about a half block. On the left hand side is a building with stairs. Go up the stairs to the roof to find a shack that can be used to store any motorcycle-class vehicle, etc.Angel motorcycle Go to the Greasy Choppers Bike Club in Downtown to find the patriotic Angel motorcycle.Infernus at Northpoint Mall Destroy most of the cars in the multistory car garage at Northpoint Mall. When you return, most of the cars will be replaced with Infernuses.Patriot To get the Patriot from Grand Theft Auto , go to the movie set located on the top middle island of your map You can either buy the set or you can just get in a motorcycle and do a jump over the wall. Also, go to Phil Cassidys trailer in Little Haiti. Enter and you will see a trailer. Look left to see a building-like garage. A Patriot is parked inside.PCJ 600 motorcycle Go to Vice Point and find the Standing Vice Point building near the beach. Drive along the sides of the building across the street from the makeshift ramp to find a PCJ 600.Motorcycle tricks Press Down() while riding a motorcycle-class vehicle to pop a wheelie. Press Up() while riding to stand. Get a PCJ 600. From a stop, press Down and press X. When the motorcycle is in a wheelie, tap the X rapidly to keep the bike up. This will allow you stay in the wheelie for as long as desired. This is also a great way to make money. Choose a dirt bike or sport bike and build up a little speed. If you hit the regular and emergency brakes at the same time and stand up (Left Analog-stick Up), you can do a stoppie and earn some money. You can also get extra points for flipping around 180 degrees on the front wheel.Bailing When in a motorcycle-class vehicle, you can bail while jumping off a ramp by pressing Triangle. This is helpful if you are driving a damaged motorcycle and somehow it sets on fire in the air. This can also used to bail from any out of control vehicle before it lands in water or crashes. This is useful if you know you cannot stop in time. Note You may take damage from the bail.Baseball bat Look in the alleyway directly behind your hideout to find a baseball bat.Brass knuckles Look slightly north (less than 100 feet) from the baseball bat behind your hideout to find a set of brass knuckles.Chainsaw Enter the apartment building in Ocean Beach next to the Pay & Spray. Find the open door to apartment 0. To your right is a bathroom with blood all over. The chainsaw can be found there.Cleaver You can find a cleaver behind the Well Stacked Pizza shop in Washington Beach.Knife Go to the alleyway in the south-east corner of the east island (where you start) to find the knife.Shotgun You can find a shotgun at any time by going to the top of the Washington Mall via the car park (the circle ramp). When at the top of the building, do down the left side ramp, and then immediately turn around. The gun is to the left of the ramp at the back.Decrease wanted level to zero You can clear your wanted level by entering a RC Racer Competition. You do not have to complete the competition to clear your wanted level.Run longer Tap X instead of holding it to make Tommys stamina last longer.Change size of the moon Use the sniper rifle at night, zoom in on the moon, then shoot it. It will get bigger or smaller.Leave car door open Exit a car while holding Handbrake. You will not close the door, which can be useful if you know that you are going to need to get back in quickly.Media coverage Get your wanted level to six stars to get your pursuit covered in the media. A helicopter and chase meter will appear. Keep running from the helicopter to increase it. Every 100 seconds of game time will result in an increased level of media coverage. Pause the game and look at your statistics to see messages that indicate your media level. You will start with a story in UFA Today and progress to television news and continue until it is a crisis.Get to any locked area early Enable the Dodo car code and use any car. Go as fast as you can and press Analog-stick Back and jump over the highest obstruction blocking the next section of the game. Keep repeating this until you get there. Also, get a sniper rifle and find a place where boats are appearing. Wait until one is coming roughly straight at you, then take out the man piloting it with the rifle. If the boat was moving fast enough, it will coast up to you. You should be able to jump onto it. From there, you can get to almost anywhere. It may take awhile to find out good spots to try this. One recommended location is behind Diazs mansion in the lawn behind the hedge maze. Also, enable the Cars float on water code. Then, simply drive on the water to get to any island.Boatyard business Buy the Boatyard in Vice Port for $10,000. Get in one of the boats and start the Checkpoint Charlie mission. Take the boat through all the checkpoints within the allotted time. After this, the Boatyard will begin making money for you. Repeat the mission to increase the amount of money that it brings in. The maximum amount you can make per day is $,000 to begin with. This number increases each time the Checkpoint Charlie is completed.Cherry Popper Ice Cream Factory business Buy the Cherry Popper Ice Cream Factory located between Little Havana and Little Haiti (almost directly across from the bridge to Starfish Island) for $0,000. Drive Mr. Whoopee and get 50 buyers in a single run. You cannot leave the truck or get arrested or killed. After this, the business will begin making money for you. The maximum amount you can make per day is $,000.Film Studio business Buy the Film Studio on Prawn Island for $60,000. Complete the four missions related to the Film Studio that are now unlocked in front of Hanger D and the business will begin making money for you. The maximum amount you can make per day is $7,000.Kaufman Cabs business Buy Kaufman Cabs at the north end of Little Haiti for $40,000. Three missions will become unlocked. Get in a Kaufman Cab and complete all three missions. After this, the business will begin making money for you. The maximum amount you can make per day is $5,000.Malibu Club business Buy the Malibu Club located east of Leaf Links for $10,000. Complete the four missions that are now unlocked and the business will begin making money for you. The maximum amount you can make per day is $10,000.Pole Position Strip Club business Buy the Pole Position Strip Club located just west of the Ocean View Hotel for $0,000. Enter the hallway in the back of the building and go in the first door on the left for a private dance. You will begin spending money on her. Get to $600 and the business will begin making money for you. Also, at this point you can go all the way to the back of the hall and go through the last door on the right to see pole dances. The maximum amount you can make per day is $4,000.Print Works business Buy the Print Works located northeast of Escobar International Airport for $70,000. Complete the two missions that are now unlocked and the business will begin making money for you. The maximum amount you can make per day is $8,000.Sunshine Auto Car Showroom business Buy the Sunshine Auto Car Showroom located just east of Escobar International Airport for $50,000. Go down to the lower garages and locate the dry erase board with a list of cars on the wall. Steal all the cars on the list and bring them to this garage. When this is done, the business will begin making money for you. Each time a list is completed, the business will make more money and a new car for the showroom will be unlocked. The maximum amount you can make per day is $6,000 total ($1,500 per car list).Hideouts The following properties can be bought for the indicated price110 Washington Street $,000 1 Vice Point $,500 Elswanko Casa (with 1 garage) $8,000 Hyman Condo (with garages and a helipad) $14,000 Links View Apartments (with 1 garage) $6,000 Ocean Heights (with 1 garage) $7,000 Skumhole Shack $1,000 Hidden package rewards Collect the indicated number of hidden packages to get a reward at the specified location10 hidden packages Body Armor at Ocean View Hotel and Starfish Island Mansion.0 hidden packages Chainsaw at Ocean View Hotel and Starfish Island Mansion.0 hidden packages Python at Ocean View Hotel and Starfish Island Mansion.40 hidden packages Flame thrower at Ocean View Hotel and Starfish Island Mansion.50 hidden packages Laser Scope Sniper Rifle at Ocean View Hotel and Starfish Island Mansion.60 hidden packages Minigun at Ocean View Hotel and Starfish Island Mansion.70 hidden packages Rocket Launcher at Ocean View Hotel and Starfish Island Mansion.80 hidden packages Sea Sparrow at Starfish Island Mansions Helipad.0 hidden packages Rhino at Fort Baxter Air Base.100 hidden packages Ultimate Secret Vehicle at Fort Baxter Air Base. You can use this vehicle to do Brown Thunder vigilante missions.

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A Semiotic Analysis of Magazine Adsfor Men's Fragrances

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This essay concerns a semiotic analysis of advertisements whose similarity is based on the fact that all concern the advertising of mens fragrances, and all were found in the within the textual context of print advertising. In more specific terms, the advertised products included Dune, Polo Extreme Sport, Xeryus Rouge, and Cool Water. The adverts were located within recent editions of the popular mens magazines, namely Sky, FHM, and Esquire. Thus this essay will individually analyse these advertisements in terms of their status as signs, whose associative meanings not only gave a favourable impression of the product, but were also compatible with, and complementary to, the masculine context in which they were situated; thus illustrating Umberto Ecos claim that the medium and message may be charged with cultural signification. Although all of the advertisements do not physically represent the product, they all provide an important iconic representation of both the product and what the product, should stand for. Thus, analysis of all of the adverts will strongly focus upon the advertisements photographic imagery, and the ways in which this imagery generates the appropriate signified concepts (or emotional overtones) which promote the image of the product. The first advert, (Example A) strongly relies upon this use of photographic imagery. Example A features an advertisement for the fragrance Dune Pour Homme. The advertisement uses a variety of signifiers which publicise both the identity of the brand, and an image which is in line with the ideology of the text in which it appears, which, in this case, is the youthful, glamorous Sky magazine. The advert predominately features a male model in his early to mid twenties, and he is kneeling on a sand dune. Adjacent to him is an iconic image of the product itself, which is projected as being disproportionately large. Underneath this image of the product are the words Essence Of Freedom, and together these separate components form an effective and unified message. On a simple level it is easy to deduce two obvious things. Firstly, that the subject, (the image of the man) provides a youthful element of glamour, which serves both the product and the text in which it is being advertised, and secondly, that the image of the sand dune is a physical reiteration of the product name. However, the more interesting semiotic elements of the advert exist within its notion of freedom, which is the adverts primary signified concept. The notion of freedom is primarily conveyed by the image of this lone man; who, in his lonesome location; seems extremely at ease, and unrestricted by normal life, thus providing a sense of liberation which is also conveyed by his loose, unorthodox, clothing. Furthermore the softly focused quality of the photography, and the advertisements colouring of gentle blues and pale browns. are further signifiers which contribute to this dreamy, utopian image of liberation.

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However, these images alone certainly do not convey this central signified concept, for this is only guaranteed by the inclusion of the advertisements of the statement essence of freedom. Thus, a strong relationship is allowed to be forged between the signifiers, (the photographic image of the protagonist and his physical environment) and the signified which is the linguistically expressed essence of freedom. Therefore, this stabilisation between the signifier and the signified allows for the creation of a plausible 4commodity code. This code attributes basic meaning to the advert, whose conventional combination of iconic image and linguistic representation (of words and pictures) allows the recipient to receive a message, which is justified and reiterated by the relationships of resemblance at play. Thus, although the average reader of Sky Magazine will not be aware of the terms discussed, or the technicalities of this process, he or she will still be aware of the mutually complementary relationship between words and imagery. This relationship not only ensures the adverts uniform message, it also ensures the adverts plausibility For it is the adverts typically obvious contrivance between word and image which allows the recipient to view the advert within its generic context. For only within this genre does the ridiculous image of a man wearing pyjamas and after-shave in a desert maintain an element of acceptability. Therefore it is arguable that this acceptability would not be guaranteed if one sign, wasnt reinforced by the other, if for example the advertisement was presented merely as a photograph in its own right, without a written statement, contextualising and clarifying the photographs meaning. Finally, it is also worthwhile to note that the advertisement sense of balance is matched by its compatibility with the textual context in which it arises. This compatibility can be illustrated by referring back to the colours of the advert, which consist of sensuous and softly focused blues and whites and browns. Although Sky magazine is read by men, unlike the other magazines in this analysis, Sky is proudly unisex, and it is the feminine colours in the advert, which depict a sign which is designed to be compatible with the intended recipients of it. Reflecting the emphasis which the sign attributes to being reflective of the textual context in which it is situated, is Example B which is an advertisement for Extreme Polo sport by Ralph Lauren. As its name suggests, this is a fragrance which is designed to be strongly reflective of masculinity, and it is of no surprise that the advert is featured in the opening pages of FHM which is a staunchly male publication. Emphasising the products distinct masculinity is a distinct set of signs, which are carefully orchestrated to convey a relevant and unified message. Unlike the Dune advert, the Extreme Polo Sport advertisement is neither subtle or artistic, and nor does it attempt to construct a plausible relationship between the product and a prescribed emotion such as freedom. Instead, the advert presents a simple iconic image of the product, and iconic image of the subject who is shown to be a skydiver. We are not explicitly told of the emotional association which the subject is supposed to bring to the product, but the we can deduce that he can excel in the demands of physical extremity, thus allowing us to form our own emotional associations with the brand, associations which will undoubtedly be complicit with the gender of the subject, the masculinity of the magazine, and the masculinity of the sport on show. Hence the product is allowed to speak for itself, as is portrayed by the blunt, practical copy Introducing the new mens fragrance Extreme Polo Sport Ralph Lauren it states, and who would argue with that? Interestingly, the only thing that links the subject with the copy is the fact that they are situated on the same page, for the actual iconic representation of the product itself is shown on an adjacent but entirely separate page. Although the advert projects a strong relationship between the product and the machismo of the subject, the. fact that the two images exist in separate environments, respectfully understates this link, attributing the recipients with the intelligence to form it for themselves. Furthermore, the fact that iconic resemblance of the product is far larger than the subject, allows us to view the product as an entity in its own right, therefore placating our masculine sense of practicality. Although this advert appears to be simple, its connotative meanings allow our interpretation of it to be a pragmatic one, in that its signifiers have particular relevance with regards to the context of the advert. One such group of signifiers is the advertisements colours. Unlike the subtle feminine colours of the Dune advert, the Extreme Polo Sport is consists of a bold, aggressive colour scheme of black) white, red and dark blue; and together with the silvery, metallic appearance of the product, this colour scheme serves as a significant group of signifiers which attribute the brand with the same sense of masculinity which is projected by the subject, and the context (the magazine) Hence, the role and importance of this colour scheme in both adverts shows that these colours are part of an organised system of signifiers who form significant cultural and aesthetic codes. In the case of the Extreme Polo Sport advert, this code Mows the product to appear to be as indicative of masculinity, of the masculinity of the subject, and the masculinity of the recipient (the reader of FHM). In order to clarify this point, the aesthetic code which implies that red, black and silver, are masculine colours, is the same code which implies that pink and white symbolise femininity and purity. The notable absence of both colours in example B and the omnipresence of these colours in Example C illustrates this point Example C features an advert for Anais-Anais of the Cacherele brand. Found within Sky magazine, this is an advert for womens perfume. Significantly, the primary colours in this advert are pink and white we are presented with the alluring white complexion of the female subject, and the pink appearance of the iconic image of the brand, - its hardly a coincidence. Therefore, although this advert should only be viewed as a comparative aside, it is still significant, because when it is compared to the comparative colouring scheme of the Example B, it serves to illustrate how colour is often a signifying element, and therefore an integral part of a signs aesthetic codes which portray a set of values shared by the producers and readers of a text (Thwaites et al.). In order to develop this theme of the role of the shared values of the producers and readers of a text, it is relevant to discuss the emphasis which is attributed to the advertising of the product in a way which is relevant to the cultural experience and expectations of the consumer. Again, Example B- (the advertisement for Extreme Polo Sport) provides a strong illustration. Ralph Lauren is western brand predominately marketed and used in the west, as is the magazine in which the advertisement appears. Predictably, the advert exhibits strongly western overtones, and this is evident through its subject, and through its copy. The Subject is not only white, and wearing the clothes of the same American retailer, he is also engaged in the sport of sky surfing, which originated in America, and is largely practised there. Similarly, the copy, with its computerised, industrial looking font, is also indicative of the artistry of an advanced western culture. Therefore, by implying Myerss argument that symbols are can only be understood by those who share are culture this same logic dictates that this advert was constructed with the aim of targeting the product at an audience familiar with, and sympathetic to, its relevant cultural signifiers. Thus Example B is a strong example of the way an advert uses shared prior cultural experience to attribute meaning to its symbolic representation of the product. Furthermore, this example reiterates the various levels of meaning which are present in a sign, as was most predominately argued by Barthes. Using Barthes concepts, it is possible to summarise the significance of the implicit cultural overtones of Example B Primarily the existence of the sign (in this case the advert) provides the images simple detonative meaning It is an advertisement for after-shave. This is simple information, and in Barthes teens it is a message without a code. However, as was discussed, this code is given connotative meaning, its plane of expression (Barthes) through specific signifiers, all of which have a strong relationship with the cultural context of the advert, and the cultural context of the western male. Thus, it is the signifiers of the adverts masculine colours, the machismo of the subject (another important signifier,) and the artistry of the font, all reinforce the products intended identity, and allow the invariably western recipient to perceive this sign as an image which is relevant to him, if not relevant to his actual experience, then relevant to the shared perceptions and experience of the society of which he is a part. Thus the cultural context of the Extreme Polo Sport plays an important role in the recipient perceptions of it. The importance attributed to the context of the sign is also evident in Example D which is an advertisement for Xeruys Rouge- (pour homme). As the name suggests this is a product exclusively aimed at men, as is the aptly named Esquire magazine in which the advertisement is situated. The advertisement is attractive but unremarkable, typically using an iconic image of the product to identify it, copy to reconfirm its name, and a human subject to lend the product a personality. However, it is this use of its human subject which lends the advert its significant semiotic significance. Unlike the other adverts, which give no impression of the sexuality of the subject, Example D contains a variety of signifiers which all give the subject an unquestionably heterosexual status. In order to place the theme of sex and sexuality on the agenda, the advertisements softly focused, silver and white photography acts as the signifier which gives both a sense of sensuality to the image and the recipient the appropriate context in which to judge it. Enforcing this sensuality is the associative signifiers of the subjects themselves. Unlike the subjects in the other examples, the male figure in the image is joined by a female, whose nudity and physical contact with him are further signifiers of both the theme of the advert, and the sexuality of the male subject. The positioning, and appearance of both subjects act as further signifiers which help describe the image, and therefore of the product. Both figures are young and in the peak of physical and therefore sexual condition. The naked couple embrace and the womans head is thrown back in a tableau of orgasmic joy, providing a graphic illustration of her relationship with the man. However, more importantly than the sex being represented is the signified description of the male subject; whose physical strength and apparent ability to please a woman so profoundly portray him as ideal role model for the heterosexual man. Hence Xeryus Rouge, is portrayed as being for homme in the most original sense, and the signifiers which give the male subject the appropriate resemblance of this, certainly illustrate the fact that the human component of a constructed image is a social, not a natural one (Fiske). For although the subject in real life may be gay, or impotent (or both) for the purposes of the image he is being portrayed as a virile heterosexual. But why is this status important? Answering this question is the textual context in which the advertisement is situated. Esquire is a publication aimed at attracting young, single heterosexual males. On the cover of the edition in which this advertisement was taken is a scantily clad women, and within its pages are articles on The worst fouls in football, US marines on day release in the sex capital of Thailand, and a calendar of women with the concluding line monogamy is unnatural. Furthermore, it is also interesting to note that an article entitled Porn in the UK is situated within a page of the Xeryus Rouge advert. Therefore if the product is to be successful, it must be compatible with the environment in which it is placed, and hence like its textual context, the sign must be an appropriate social construction (Fiske) of the customer and reader alike. Furthermore, the machismo of the sign does not exist on its own, or simply within itself. Indeed, it is the same masculine, heterosexual overtones of the text itself, which also contribute to the readers general perception of the advertisement (and therefore the product.) Hence the magazine acts as a signifier in itself, and therefore we can view the relationship between sign (advert) and text (magazine) as being mutually dependant, since the reader may judge the advert by its context (the magazine) and vice versa. Therefore example B and D both illustrate Valentin Volosinovs argument that when ever a sign is present an ideology is present too. In the case of these adverts this ideology is one which reflects the values of machismo. Example D reflected, and exalted the sensuous machismo of the white, heterosexual male; attractive, and attracted to the white, beautiful female. Whilst in the case of B, this machismo reflected the courage, athleticism, and individuality of the western male excelling in a predominately white, western sport. Thus, the aforementioned examples depict the significant semiotic significance of the advertisements human subjects. But what of the product itself? For in all of the advertisements discussed, the iconic resemblance of the product only fulfils an illustrative function, a means of conveying a basic resemblance of the product whose connotative meanings are portrayed through other means - usually via the subject. However, Example E is an exception to this. Example E is an advert for Cool Water by Davidorf, and it uses its signifiers as a way of giving the product a descriptive tangibility, which is lacking in the other adverts. Unlike other products whose names such as Kossak, Kuros or Xeryus Rouge who give their respective products a fantastical, elusive, intangible element, the name Cool Water certainly stands out, signifying the products supposed elemental, natural, pure, qualities. Enforcing this image are signifiers which allow the recipient to view the product as pure and refreshing, and even as drinkable as the water in which the subject is shown to be immersed in. Unlike the iconic image of Extreme Polo Sport (for example) the bottle of Cool water is given physically descriptive qualities, namely through its cold, chilled appearance. This is insured through the droplets of water on the bottle. Thus our prior knowledge and experience is being by manipulated this photographic image. This image implies the tangible, refreshing, pure status of the product by inducing an indexical description through the relationship between the signifier, the droplets and the signified, which is cold. In conclusion, this essay has attempted to give a semiotic analysis of advertisements whose signifiers were not only designed to give a favourable and appropriate image of the product, but also, these signifiers were also shown to have a strong relationship with the textual context in which they the signs were located. Chandler, Daniel (17) Semiotics for Beginners [WWW document] URL http//www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/S4B/semiotic.html Thwaites, Tony, Lloyd Davis & Warwick Mules (14) Tools for Cultural Studies An Introduction. South Melbourne Macmillan

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Camera

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Photography is one of things that people think that it works by magic. There is no such thing as magic so in this assignment I will show how a camera works.The technology making up a camera is very basic. A simple disposable camera work in much of the same way as a $600 one. All cameras consists of three basic elements, an optical element (the lens), a chemical element (the film), and the technology element or rather the camera body. The only differences between expensive and cheap plastic cameras are their functions.The real hard part of producing a camera is the way they are assembled in such a fashion it is able to record beautiful pictures.The one I will be explaining is the SLR the manual single-lens-reflex camera, the camera that is used by professionals. It is rather older fashioned compared to the new point and shoot cameras but it includes all the fundamental processes of photography.

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The ScienceThe science in how a camera works is how it bends the light in other to allow it to be exposed on the film. This science -- bending light.Within the camera are many different parts but the one that bends the light or rather refract, is the convex/converging lens. A converging lens is the ones that have ends curving outwards. How does a simple piece of glass bend light? Easy, light travels faster in some substances than in other; so it travels faster through the air than glass. When the light hits the lens at an angle, the light will start to down while going through the glass. Because the light is travelling slower, the light bends towards the lens, and when the light leaves the lens it has a new course! Since it is bent inwards, the light is bent towards one spot, the focal point, it is where the object being photographed is flipped around, producing a real image. Of which is printed onto the film. LensSince a lens can bend light, we can change the thickness of the lens to vary the bending angle. The thicker (in the middle) lens is, the sharper the light will bend. Increasing the bending angle has a major effect, because it will change where the light will meet (the focal point), closer or further away from the lens. By increasing the distance between focal point and the lens, will mean that the real image will enlarge. The closer it is to the lens, the smaller the real image is going to be. And of course the larger the better, because it is clearer, but because the film size will not take in the entire image the edges will be left out. The smaller the image is the more the scene will be captured. This is called magnification, or rather zoom. Professional cameras have changeable lenses, so that you can focus on a scene at different magnifications. The magnification power of a lens is described by its focal length, which is determined as the distance between the lens and the focal point. It is measured in millimetres and the higher the number, the bigger the magnification. Different lenses are used in different situations. A telephoto lens has an especially long focal length, it is used to photo something that is very far away. The one above is a 400mm telephoto lens. If it is something up close you would a wide-angle lens. This lens has a rather shorter focal length so it shrinks the image in front of you. The one on your left is a 4mm wide-angle lens. But if you were to take normal photos where the object is not exceptionally closer of far away, you would use a normal lens of around 50mm of focal length.FilmOnce the science has done its job by inversing the original image to a new real image, it is then exposed to the film, the thing that records the real image.Film, the chemical compound in a camera, when your expose a real image onto it, it will record the pattern of light. When the film is exposed t light the tiny light-sensitive grains that are spread out on the plastic react to the light that will inverse the original colours. White turns black, blue turns yellow, etc. In the coloured film, it has three layers of light-sensitive substances, which responds to blue, green, and red. When the film is developed, these layers are exposed to chemicals that dye the layers of film. When you put the three dyed layers together you get the original image you took.ShutterTo capture a picture you need to keep the film in complete darkness because it will expose the film unnecessarily. The film is kept inside the back of the camera that is separated from the focusing lens by the shutter. If the shutter is released, light will travel through the lens, past the retracted shutter and then onto the film, which exposes the real image. To have a perfect outcome, you have to control how much light is allowed to reach the film; but you can only control the shutter speed (how fast the shutter opens and closes) on SLR cameras. Most new cameras (Point and Shoot) will also determine for you the shutter speed but not always the best timing, so SL R takes the best photos! If the film is exposed for too long, too many light-sensitive grains will react. The final outcome will look blurred or a washed out. If too little light is allowed into the camera, too few grains will react, and the photo will turn out very dark. Shutter SpeedThe shutter speed is the length of time the shutter opens to allow light to be exposed to the film. A shutter speed of 1/15s means that the film is exposed to light for 1/15 of a second. The faster the shutter opens and closes the quicker movement the camera can capture still. The problems is the most people can only hold a camera still enough not to get shake at shutter speeds of 1/60s or slower, if it is faster than speed you will need a stabilisation to hold your camera. Since your muscles in your hand are constantly moving especially hold such a heavy thing, your hand will shake, causing the final photo to be blurred (of your hand¡¦s rapid up and down movement). To avoid blurring you should always have shutter speed faster than the focal length of the lens in mm, for example a 00mm lens would need a shutter speed of 1/00s to avoid blurring. For example, when you are taking a picture of a waterfall, if you are set at 1/15s you will see the water as long soft streaks, but if you take it at 1/50s you will find that the water if fine and clear and you can make out droplets of the water. ApertureTo control the amount of light reaching the film is a special mechanism called the aperture, the lens opening. As well as the iris diaphragm (the plates which shrink and expand in front of the lens) that acts like your iris, it expands to capture more light and closes to let in less light. The brighter the surroundings the more you would close you apertures, and if there is utter darkness you would have your aperture opened.The viewfinderThe viewfinder is one of the amazing mechanisms within the camera; being able to see what the final product will look like. In a SLR camera, you will see the actual real image. Inside the camera, there is a hinged mirror, positioned between the lens and the shutter. The image is bounced off the mirror, then goes through the pentaprism, and is projected onto the translucent screen; which serves as a projection screen. The purpose of the pentaprism is that it will flip the image the right way up again so that it can be viewed. When you are to take a photo and press the magic button, the mirror retracts upwards so it does not get in the way, which is why your viewfinder is black when you take a picture.

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Krispy Kreme Financials

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Krispy Kreme first traded its Shares in the NASDAQ market on April 5, 000. Under the ticker symbol KKD Krispy Kreme started trading on the NYSE on May 17, 001. Krispy Kreme offers ,450,000 shares for the public to grasp.Financial OutlookWhen reviewing the financial analysis of Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Inc we have grown by leaps and bounds in the pass five years. Management has cut expenses considerably, by reinvesting in the business and opening the door to franchisees. In analyzing the financial strengths of the company and how the functional strategic technique management has chosen to generate profits from operations we would like to show how rewarding that has been. Systemwide sales for Krispy Kreme between 18 and 00 have increased on average .5%, which is a indication of the demand for the product. Company revenues for that time period increased on average 0%, and net income increased on average an outstanding 4% for the same time period (see chart 1, , ). This only indicated how well the Companies strategy is working and the magnitude of the product.

Krispy Kreme current quick ratio as of year ending February , 00 was 1.6, which is the current assets minus inventory divided by current liabilities. This indicates the firms liquidity, the ability to pay it short-term debt from current assets, which gives us a competitive advantage in the industry. To show the profitability of the firm lets take a look at the net profit margin. This shows the after-tax profit generated from each sale. For the same time period Krispy Kreme has a profit margin of 4%. Also indicating the profitability of the company is the return on investment (ROI) and return on equity (ROE). We measure the quality of our management and how efficient the firm is run by ROI, the net profit after tax divided by total assets. This also shows that good sound investments are made to aid in the growth of the firm, we are holding our own at 4%. ROE gives our shareholders an ideal of how the company is growing. Our shareholders are the life of Krispy Kreme, they are what keep us going, and for the period ending /00 the ROE was % this is computed by taking the net profit after taxes divided by the shareholders equity. Listed below is a liquidity and profitability chart indicating our progress over the past five years which is a sound bases for forecasting an average increase of % over the next two years. This would make way for new innovations in our product line.SUMMARY OF FINANCIALS Key ratios YEAR ENDED 1/1/ 1/0/00 1/8/01 //0 //0 Current Ratio 1. 1.14 1.08 1.4 .6 Quick Ratio 0.4 1.05 0.76 1.6 1.6 Cash Ratio 0.17 0.11 0. 0.4 0.54 Net Profit Margin % % 5% 7% 4% ROI % 6% % 1% 4% ROE 6.80% 1.0% 1.0% 1.40% %Krispy Kreme Weighted Competitive Strength Assessment Weight KrispyKreme DunkinDonuts LaMarsDonuts TimHorton'sKey Success Factor/StrengthMeasure Quality/Product performance 0.0 8/1.6 8/1.6 8/1.7 8/1.8Reputation/Image 0.10 8/0.8 8/0.8 6/0.6 8/0.8Manufacturing capability 0.05 8/0.4 8/0.4 6/0.5 8/0.4Technological skills 0.05 6/0. 7/0.5 6/0. 7/0.5Networking/Distribution capability 0.05 8/0.4 8/0.4 6/0. 8/0.4Product innovation 0.10 6/0.6 7/0.7 6/0.6 8/0.8Financial resources 0.10 8/0.8 8/1.6 8/1.7 8/1.8Advertising 0.05 7/0.5 /0.45 6/0. 10/0.5Relative cost position 0.0 7/1.4 7/1.4 7/1.5 7/1.6Customer service 0.10 8/0.8 7/0.7 7/0.7 8/0.8Sum of weights 1.00 Weighted overall strength rating 7.55 8.4 8.05 .5SWOT AnalysisStrengths • Affordability of products• Well established and long running company• Long term company values that have remained virtually unchanged since company inception• Loyal customer base• Nationally known brand of donuts • Hot, fresh donuts daily offer competitive advantage• Donut-making "theatres"• Strong Community relationships• "One-of-a-kind taste"Weaknesses • Limited menu items• Markets are leaning towards healthier food products• Heavy competition• Lack of advertisingOpportunities • Expansion into premium coffee lines• Diversification of product offerings• Co-Branding opportunities• Expansion into a more global marketplace• Web based sales of Krispy Kreme merchandiseThreats • Stiff competition from several similar companies• Healthier product alternatives availablePorter's 5 ForcesSupplier Power- Supplier's power is very limited in this industry due to the sheer number of possible suppliers of ingredients that are easily obtained. Supplier power is also limited by the fact that Krispy Kreme's mixing facilities have been centralized. Buyer Power- Buyer's have abundant power in the donut industry. There are many options available to the buyer. They can make their own donuts or pick and choose from a wide range of donut stores. In order to draw customers away from the other options Krispy Kreme must use methods such as the donut theatre to lure these buyers.Barriers to Entry- There appear to be very few barriers to entry into the donut industry. When you are specializing in one simple product such as a donut, equipment is minimal and knowledge to produce donuts is easily gained. Anyone who has cooked at home can quickly learn to cook donuts.Threat of Substitutes- There will always be substitutes for donuts and the lean towards healthier living creates a vast range of substitutes. An example would be bagel or muffin chains offering a healthier alternative to donuts. Krispy Kreme must be aware of these alternatives and be prepared to adjust their product line to accommodate or lure potential customers.Rivalry- There has been and may always be a large amount of rivalry between competing donut producers. The range of producers is vast, from small private bakeries to larger chains such as Dunkin' Donuts. Donuts are easily produced from relatively inexpensive ingredients. This creates competition and rivalry and Krispy Kreme should be look at expanding its product lines into new markets.FinancialKrispy Kreme's total revenue has grown at a compound average rate 17.4% since 15. The overall percentage increase in revenues over the seven year period from $115 million to $00.7 million is 161.5%. Net income has increased steadily. Net income jumped from $4.6 million to $14.7 million between 15 and 001 for a CAGR of 1.%. System wide sales are up from $146.7 million to $448.1 million for a CAGR of 0.5%. Operating profit margins have also steadily risen from 1% in 17 to 0% in 001. This indicates that Krispy Kreme's profit margins are excellent and still on the rise.Average weekly and annual sales comparison show that between 15 and 001 the CAGR in annual sales for company owned stores was approximately 7.4% and the CAGR in annual sales for franchised stores was 11.8%. While there is still room for improvement these financial performance results are good.

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