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Photography is one of things that people think that it works by magic. There is no such thing as magic so in this assignment I will show how a camera works.The technology making up a camera is very basic. A simple disposable camera work in much of the same way as a $600 one. All cameras consists of three basic elements, an optical element (the lens), a chemical element (the film), and the technology element or rather the camera body. The only differences between expensive and cheap plastic cameras are their functions.The real hard part of producing a camera is the way they are assembled in such a fashion it is able to record beautiful pictures.The one I will be explaining is the SLR the manual single-lens-reflex camera, the camera that is used by professionals. It is rather older fashioned compared to the new point and shoot cameras but it includes all the fundamental processes of photography.
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The ScienceThe science in how a camera works is how it bends the light in other to allow it to be exposed on the film. This science -- bending light.Within the camera are many different parts but the one that bends the light or rather refract, is the convex/converging lens. A converging lens is the ones that have ends curving outwards. How does a simple piece of glass bend light? Easy, light travels faster in some substances than in other; so it travels faster through the air than glass. When the light hits the lens at an angle, the light will start to down while going through the glass. Because the light is travelling slower, the light bends towards the lens, and when the light leaves the lens it has a new course! Since it is bent inwards, the light is bent towards one spot, the focal point, it is where the object being photographed is flipped around, producing a real image. Of which is printed onto the film. LensSince a lens can bend light, we can change the thickness of the lens to vary the bending angle. The thicker (in the middle) lens is, the sharper the light will bend. Increasing the bending angle has a major effect, because it will change where the light will meet (the focal point), closer or further away from the lens. By increasing the distance between focal point and the lens, will mean that the real image will enlarge. The closer it is to the lens, the smaller the real image is going to be. And of course the larger the better, because it is clearer, but because the film size will not take in the entire image the edges will be left out. The smaller the image is the more the scene will be captured. This is called magnification, or rather zoom. Professional cameras have changeable lenses, so that you can focus on a scene at different magnifications. The magnification power of a lens is described by its focal length, which is determined as the distance between the lens and the focal point. It is measured in millimetres and the higher the number, the bigger the magnification. Different lenses are used in different situations. A telephoto lens has an especially long focal length, it is used to photo something that is very far away. The one above is a 400mm telephoto lens. If it is something up close you would a wide-angle lens. This lens has a rather shorter focal length so it shrinks the image in front of you. The one on your left is a 4mm wide-angle lens. But if you were to take normal photos where the object is not exceptionally closer of far away, you would use a normal lens of around 50mm of focal length.FilmOnce the science has done its job by inversing the original image to a new real image, it is then exposed to the film, the thing that records the real image.Film, the chemical compound in a camera, when your expose a real image onto it, it will record the pattern of light. When the film is exposed t light the tiny light-sensitive grains that are spread out on the plastic react to the light that will inverse the original colours. White turns black, blue turns yellow, etc. In the coloured film, it has three layers of light-sensitive substances, which responds to blue, green, and red. When the film is developed, these layers are exposed to chemicals that dye the layers of film. When you put the three dyed layers together you get the original image you took.ShutterTo capture a picture you need to keep the film in complete darkness because it will expose the film unnecessarily. The film is kept inside the back of the camera that is separated from the focusing lens by the shutter. If the shutter is released, light will travel through the lens, past the retracted shutter and then onto the film, which exposes the real image. To have a perfect outcome, you have to control how much light is allowed to reach the film; but you can only control the shutter speed (how fast the shutter opens and closes) on SLR cameras. Most new cameras (Point and Shoot) will also determine for you the shutter speed but not always the best timing, so SL R takes the best photos! If the film is exposed for too long, too many light-sensitive grains will react. The final outcome will look blurred or a washed out. If too little light is allowed into the camera, too few grains will react, and the photo will turn out very dark. Shutter SpeedThe shutter speed is the length of time the shutter opens to allow light to be exposed to the film. A shutter speed of 1/15s means that the film is exposed to light for 1/15 of a second. The faster the shutter opens and closes the quicker movement the camera can capture still. The problems is the most people can only hold a camera still enough not to get shake at shutter speeds of 1/60s or slower, if it is faster than speed you will need a stabilisation to hold your camera. Since your muscles in your hand are constantly moving especially hold such a heavy thing, your hand will shake, causing the final photo to be blurred (of your hand¡¦s rapid up and down movement). To avoid blurring you should always have shutter speed faster than the focal length of the lens in mm, for example a 00mm lens would need a shutter speed of 1/00s to avoid blurring. For example, when you are taking a picture of a waterfall, if you are set at 1/15s you will see the water as long soft streaks, but if you take it at 1/50s you will find that the water if fine and clear and you can make out droplets of the water. ApertureTo control the amount of light reaching the film is a special mechanism called the aperture, the lens opening. As well as the iris diaphragm (the plates which shrink and expand in front of the lens) that acts like your iris, it expands to capture more light and closes to let in less light. The brighter the surroundings the more you would close you apertures, and if there is utter darkness you would have your aperture opened.The viewfinderThe viewfinder is one of the amazing mechanisms within the camera; being able to see what the final product will look like. In a SLR camera, you will see the actual real image. Inside the camera, there is a hinged mirror, positioned between the lens and the shutter. The image is bounced off the mirror, then goes through the pentaprism, and is projected onto the translucent screen; which serves as a projection screen. The purpose of the pentaprism is that it will flip the image the right way up again so that it can be viewed. When you are to take a photo and press the magic button, the mirror retracts upwards so it does not get in the way, which is why your viewfinder is black when you take a picture.
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