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BIRD TABLE TIPSWhy feed garden birds?I became interested in birds as a child living in the Perthshire countryside, and re-discovered the joys of bird-watching as an adult while on holiday with friends. I still find it odd that many people have no curiosity about the small bird flitting through the bushes, or the elegant wader on the beach. I need to know what they are, and, where they have come from. And now that I can recognise most of the familiar British species, I love to see a rare bird for the first time, and to look for more exotic species on foreign holidays. But even if the robin, the greenfinch and the wren have become instantly recognisable in the woodland, there is still something special about seeing them at close quarters in your garden.
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And feeding garden birds not only provides hours of pleasure to the bird lover, it can be a great help to the species that visit your bird table and feeders. Remarkably, around 70 per cent of adults in Britain feed birds in their gardens. If the right food is offered, it can help birds survive when food is scarce, or the weather is bad, and it helps make them strong for the breeding season in spring. I once thought that birds only needed fed in winter, but I have learned that they can benefit from the right type of food at all times of year. Changes in our climate, the effects of intensive farming - which has removed many food sources and habitats - and the tidy nature of domestic gardens have all made it more difficult for wild birds to find the food that they need.What, and when, to feedIn autumn and winter, food and water should be put out on a regular basis, preferably in the morning and early afternoon, and twice a day if the weather is bad. Maspie Garden sells a range of food approved by the experts. Never allow uneaten food to build up around your feeders or bird table, and remember that once you establish a routine, the birds will expect you to maintain it! In spring and summer, you must be careful about what you offer. The RSPB recommends the following black sunflower seeds, pinhead oatmeal, sultanas, raisins, currants, mild grated cheese, mealworms, waxworms, mixes for insectivorous birds (from pet shops), good seed mixtures without loose peanuts, and RSPB food bars and summer seed mixture. You can also put out soft apples and pears cut in half, and bananas and grapes. Some people - not me - use soaked dog or cat food, but these can attract magpies, crows and other large species. You should avoid using peanuts, fat and bread in the summer because they can harm chicks in the nest.What birds will you see?I have fed birds in several gardens in Scotland, and have attracted the same species in different parts of the country. In almost any garden in Britain, you are likely to encounter starlings, blackbirds, song thrushes, blue, coal and great tits, robins, greenfinches, collared doves and chaffinches. The more urban, and enclosed the garden, the less likely you are to attract the more unusual species. In a previous garden, within ten good flaps of a woodland, I enjoyed regular visits from a great spotted woodpecker, who made the rest of the customers look rather ordinary. But you never know when you will be surprised. In our walled garden I have been lucky enough to see siskins and goldfinches, newly arrived from foreign parts, and I often spot fieldfares and redwings over the garden wall in the palace orchard. Above the garden in early summer, the swallows, swifts and house martins arrive from their winter breaks in North Africa to catch insects day and night, and the occasional treecreeper, another migrant, can occasionally be spotted on the rough trunk of our large holly tree. Wrens, which are insect-eating, do not visit the feeders, but their rough chat chat call can be heard almost every day in summer, especially when a cat strolls along the garden wall looking for warm food. I have also had dunnocks hopping around on the ground, looking like dusty sparrows, and chaffinches that are equally reluctant to get on to a bird table.How to feed birdsNut feedersOur range of Nuttery feeders are perfect for attracting tits and greenfinches. Feeders like these are the only safe way of offering nuts to wild birds. Mesh bags can trap birds feet and cause broken legs. The mesh in a metal feeder should be big enough to prevent beak damage, and small enough to prevent whole nuts being removed.Seed containers and home-made containersManufactured containers with perches for feeding sunflower mixes will attract perching species, and you can supplement the food on offer by filling half a coconut shell with fat or bird cake and hanging it upside down. You can also fill holes and cracks in posts, logs or trees with fatty foods or peanut butter to attract agile species like tits, nuthatches, woodpeckers, treecreepers and wrens.Bird tablesA simple tray mounted on a post, suspended from a branch, or fixed to a wall bracket, will suffice. A roof can keep off the rain, but will deter some shy species. The tray should have holes drilled in it to allow the water to drain away, a rim to stop food blowing off, and a gap in the trim to allow you to clean away uneaten food.Bird bathsYou should always provide water - in a small container on the bird table, or in the form of a birdbath - when you are providing food. Birds will drink from your bird table, and wash dusty feathers in the birdbath.Deterring unwelcome visitorsGrey squirrels can be discouraged by our squirrel-proof feeders, which also prevent large species taking all the food. You might also put a section of smooth plastic pipe around the post supporting your bird table, and if the table is supported by a metal post, you can smear it with Vaseline. Make sure that squirrels and cats cannot jump from another surface on to the table or feeders.Recommended books.The Bird Table Book by Tony Soper, 1. David & CharlesRSPB Pocket Birdfeeder by Robert Burton, 17. Dorling KindersleyRSPB Birdfeeder Handbook. Attracting and Observing Birds in your Garden by R Burton, 10. Dorling Kindersley.The Complete Garden Bird Book. How to Identify and Attract Birds to your Garden, by Mark Golley, Stephen Moss and David Daly, 17. New Holland.Birds in your Garden. An Introduction to their Way of Life by N Hammond and B Pearson, 15. HamlynFeeding birds in a garden creates a focal point where large numbers of songbirds congregate. This in turn can naturally attract predatory birds. The commonest predators are sparrowhawk and magpie. By careful and sensitive siting of the feeders the impacts can be reduced, but inevitably people will see more of the predation that goes on in the wild. Despite being upsetting for many, this is nevertheless a perfectly natural phenomenon and should be accepted as such. Feeding the birds does not increase the predation of songbirds by sparrowhawks - it only makes it more obvious to many by bringing both kinds of bird closer to view. The presence of a top predator such as the sparrowhawk indicates a healthy songbird population in the area. Siting the feeders close to cover will give the songbirds a better chance to escape, but make sure that this will not place then under greater danger from cats.Cats are numerous and in some cases unwelcome visitors to most gardens. Unlike birds of prey, most domestic cats do not need to hunt. Their habit of catching birds, particularly during the breeding season, is distressing to most people who see it. There are many deterrents on the market that can be used with varying degrees of success to create a cat-free zone in your garden. Click here for the RSPBs latest research results on cat deterrents.RSPB products to help you to help birdsThe use of suitable foods and dispensers is of paramount importance if feeding is to be done safely. With this in mind the RSPB has introduced its own range of wild bird foods and feeders, which set new standards for quality and suitability. The RSPB Birdcare range contains superior foods of known origin, which are selected to meet the RSPBs exacting standards. Similarly, our seed and peanut feeders are premium quality products designed to complement RSPB foods. RSPB Birdcare products are available from RSPB shops and RSPB mail order catalogue. They are also available from selected outlets and supermarkets. Ask for our information sheet or phone the Birdcare Line on 0174 7040.To find out moreWhat food to provideBird seed mixtureProprietary mixtures are already widely available for wild birds and are advertised in Birds, the RSPBs quarterly magazine for members. Different mixes have been formulated for feeders and for table/ground feeding. The better mixtures contain plenty of flaked maize, sunflower seeds, and broken peanuts. If the mix contains peanuts, please use it only in winter. Small seeds, such as millet, attract mostly house sparrows, dunnocks, finches, reed buntings and collared doves, while flaked maize is taken readily by blackbirds and dunnocks. Tits and green finches favour peanuts and sunflower seeds. Pinhead oatmeal is excellent for many birds. Wheat and barley grains are often included in seed mixtures but they are really only suitable for pigeons, doves and pheasants, which feed on the ground and rapidly increase their numbers frequently deterring the smaller species and upsetting neighbours. Avoid seed mixtures that have split peas, beans, dried rice or lentils as again only the large species can eat them dry. Any mixture containing green or pink lumps should also be avoided as that is dog biscuit, which can only be eaten when soaked.Black sunflower seedsThese first appeared in the bird food market in the early 180s and in many areas have now become even more popular for birds than peanuts.PeanutsThese are rich in fat and are popular with tits, greenfinches, house sparrows, nuthatches, great spotted woodpeckers and siskins, although black sunflower seeds are now a preferred food in many gardens. You can buy peanut kernels (whole, broken or sliced) for wild birds in bulk from dealers advertising in Birds. Peanut granules are also popular. Crushed or grated nuts attract robins, dunnocks and even wrens. Nuthatches and coal tits may hoard peanuts and black sunflower seeds. Salted peanuts should not be used. Peanuts can be high in a natural toxin, which can kill birds so buy from a reputable dealer who will guarantee freedom from aflatoxin. If a number of birds start dying or looking ill, please telephone the RSPB for advice immediately.Bird cakeMake by pouring melted fat (suet or lard) onto a mixture of ingredients such as seeds, nuts, dried fruit, oatmeal, cheese and cake. Use about one-third fat to two-thirds mixture. Stir well in a bowl and turn out onto the birdtable when solid. An empty coconut shell makes an ideal bird cake feeder.CoconutFresh coconut in the shell is very popular with tits. Rinse out any residues of the sweet coconut water from the middle of the coconut before hanging it out to prevent the build-up of mildew. Desiccated coconut is unsuitable as bird food.Mealworms and waxwormsMealworms are relished by robins and may attract insect-eating birds such as pied wagtails. Supplies can be obtained from advertised dealers in pet and wild bird food. You can also culture your own mealworms - ask for our information sheet (The cost of postage or a small donation would be most welcome.) Waxworms are a recent addition to wild bird food and are excellent but expensive. Proprietary foods are also available for insect-eating birds from bird food suppliers and pet shops. Ant pupae, insectivorous and softbill food, yolk of hard-boiled egg, and even crushed peanuts or black sunflower seeds can attract treecreepers and wrens.Household items suitable for birdsCrumbled brown and white bread is suitable, but moisten if very dry.Pastry, cooked or uncooked is excellent especially if it has been made with real fats.Cooked rice, brown or white, without added salt.Dry porridge oats or coarse oatmeal.Fat, including suet, is particularly welcomed by tits, great spotted woodpeckers, thrushes and wrens. However, do not put out polyunsaturated fats, since they do not give the birds the high levels of energy they require in winter.Bacon rind, chopped up finely for robins or suspended on string for tits, can be of benefit, but avoid salty bacon.Mild grated cheese is a favourite with robins, dunnocks, blackbirds and song thrushes. It will also help wrens if placed under hedgerows and other areas in your garden where you have noticed them feeding.Bones with some fat or meat attached are good, but keep small bones, especially those of poultry, out of reach of cats and dogs, and if possible, secure them with string to prevent birds flying away with them.Potatoes - baked (cold or opened up), roast and even mashed with added real fats are all suitable. Wildfowl will also enjoy them. Chips are rarely eaten.Dried fruits, such as raisins, sultanas and currents are particularly enjoyed by blackbirds, song thrushes and robins.Apples, pears and other fruit, including bruised and part rotten ones, cut up, are very popular with all thrushes, tits and starlings.AcknowledgementsThe RSPB warmly thanks the British Trust for Ornithology (particularly David Glue) for helpful advice.Health and hygiene - vital precautionsWhen a number of birds are attracted into an area to feed, the danger of disease increases. It is therefore essential that tables and any feeding area are checked and brushed or swept clean regularly to ensure there is no build up of food particles. Monitor your food supply carefully. If the food takes days to clear either from containers or the ground, reduce the amount of food offered. Occasionally scrub clean any containers and your bird table or any solid feeding area using 10% disinfectant solution. Water containers should be rinsed out daily during the warmer months and fresh water added. Unless the sides of the container become slimy or discoloured, there is not need to use a bleach or disinfectant. Should the need arise, please rinse out several times after treatment to ensure all of the chemical has been removed.Collared doves are susceptible to Trichomoniasis (canker), a parasite of the upper respiratory tract. If they start dying, do not put out any food, except in tit feeders, for at least a month, since the disease is spread via food particles picked up by a sick bird which, unable to swallow, will spit it out complete with the infection. If you need a confirmation of the disease, your local vet may be able to carry out a post mortem. Most are helpful over such matters but we cannot guarantee that you will not be charged. Always take extra hygienic precautions when handling suspected sick birds.Salmonella is present at a low level in wild bird populations, and poor hygiene at feeding stations can fuel a local outbreak. Greenfinches and house sparrows are most susceptible to this infection, which is transmitted by droppings from an infected bird.To reduce the risk of diseases among birds, move the feeding site several times during the year and take the precautions already mentioned to try to keep litter and droppings in the feeding area to a minimum.Drinking waterBirds need a source of water for drinking and bathing all year round. In hard frosts or warm weather it is vital. You can buy birdbaths from the RSPB and at garden centres. The inside of the bath should be rough - many plastic ones are too slippery. You can make a simple, shallow birdbath by sinking a zinc or rubber dustbin into the ground. Place a few stones in the bath to provide perches. Keep the bath clean and change the water frequently to prevent fouling. One useful tip for cold winter weather is to line the birdbath with a sheet of sturdy polythene so the ice can be removed easily. Provided that the birdbath is not a concrete one, it is wise to tip the water out at the end of the day and replace it in the morning to avoid the worst of the ice. Alternatively, stand the bath on a square or triangle of bricks within which you can place a slow-burning nightlight. Never put salt or anti-freeze in the water.Caution It is very important to change water daily and remove uneaten food regularly in warm weather.
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