Lourdes

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INTRODUCTION ʏ

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ʏIMPORTANT DATES7th. January 1844 The birth of Bernadette Soubirous in the Boly Mill. She is the daughter of François Soubirous, miller, and his wife Louise Castrot.th. January 1844 Baptism of Bernadette Soubirous.11th. February 1858 to 16th. July 1858 Eighteen Apparitions of the Virgin Mary at the Grotto of Massabielle.4th. July 1866 Bernadette leaves Lourdes for Nevers.th. July 1866 Bernadette receives the Religious Habit of the Congregation of the Sisters of Charity of Nevers. She receives the name Sister Marie-Bernard.0th. October 1867 Her Religious Profession in the Congregation of the Sisters of Charity of Nevers.16th. April 187 (Wednesday of Easter) The death of Bernadette.14th. June 15 Beatification of Bernadette.8th. December 1 Canonisation of Bernadette by Pope Pius XI at St. Peters in Rome. BERNADETTE HERSELFMarie Lagus, foster-mother of Bernadette.As a baby, Bernadette was already very loveable, the neighbours loved to see her and to hold her in their arms. You could not stop loving her enough, she was sweet and loveable. Bernadette, in spite of the tiredness which was caused by her shortness of breath and difficulty in breathing, always appeared happy and cheerful. She never gave us any trouble, she took what she was given, and appeared happy. We loved her very much as well. (1857) Bernarde Castrot, aunt and godmother of Bernadette.Bernadette was always good natured, she was very docile; when scolded, she never retaliated. Abb Pène, Curate, or Assistant Priest, of the Parish of Lourdes in 1858.Bernadette was small for her age, puny, slightly asthmatic, her face was round but regular, beautiful eyes. Her slim size would allow her to pass for a young girl about two or three years younger than she really was. everything about Bernadette radiated naïvety, simplicity, goodness. Jean Barbet, teacher.Bernadette has difficulty to retain the Catechism word by word, because she cannot study, she does not know how to read, but she puts a lot of care into the appropriate meaning of the explanations. Besides, she is very attentive, above all very pious and modest. THE WATER AT LOURDESThe water at Lourdes is spring water, pure, drinkable, identical to all other water in the area, is a sign not a fetish. Bernadette Soubirous, herself said; THE WATER IS TAKEN AS A M E D I C I N E…YOU MUST HAVE FAITH, YOU MUST PRAY THIS WATER HAS NO EFFECT WITHOUT FAITH ! The deeper meaning of the water of Lourdes is written above the taps Wash your face, drink this water and pray God to purify your heart. The spring of the Grotto is directed in channels up a gentle slope towards two underground holding tanks which hold almost one million litres, one close to the taps and the other under the Rosary Basilica. The temperature of the water is kept at 1ºC exactly. From there the water is pumped to a large reservoir of ,000m². It is from this high point that the taps, the baths, the dispatch point for sending the water of Lourdes throughout the world are supplied. The water is shipped free, except for postage charges charge. 8,500m² of water are used annually in the baths and the taps. ʏCURES FROM THE WATER There have been many claims stated by some of the handicapped and ill saying their illness or disability had been cured after bathing in the sacred water. In most cases, there has been a scientific explanation of coincidental cures that have occurred shortly after a visit to Lourdes. Here is a piece explaining what has to be undergone to prove a whether a claimed cure is valid or not.I-Medical Examination.1 - THE CRITERIA FOR A CURE.For the medical study to be able to find in favour of a cure to be certain, definitive and medically inexplicable it must be establishedthat the fact and the diagnosis of the illness is first of all established and correctly diagnosed; that the prognosis must be permanent or terminal in the short term; that the cure is immediate, without convalescence, complete and lasting; that the prescribed treatment could not be attributed to the cause of this cure or be an aid to it. - THE EXAMINATION OF THE MEDICAL BUREAU OF LOURDES.The sick who come to Lourdes with a pilgrimage group are accompanied by a doctor who is furnished with a medical file describing their present condition.This file, normally explicit enough, forms the base to work from when a pilgrim declares that they have been cured. The file and the pilgrim who claims to have been cured are presented to the Medical Bureau, that is, to the doctor who is permanently in Lourdes who will then gather together the members of the medical profession present in Lourdes on that day and who wish to participate in this examination.No definite conclusion will be given at the end of this examination. The person who claims to have been cured will be invited to meet the Medical Commission the following year and/or for many subsequent years.Finally, after many successful examinations the file of the cure will be sent (if ¾ of the doctors present so wish) to the International Medical Committee. - THE EXAMINATION BY THE LOURDES INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL COMMITTEE. (CMIL) This second level of enquiry exists since 147. At first it was the Lourdes National Medical Committee then it became the International Committee in 154.The Committee is made up of thirty specialists, surgeons, professors or Heads of Department‚ from different countries that meet once each year. The current President is Professor Jean-Louis Armand-Laroche.The International Medical Committee of Lourdes (CMIL) has a consultative role.It will allow an assessment to continue over several years in order to observe the development of the patient before they arrive at any opinion.If CMIL gives a favourable opinion the file is then sent to the competent church authorities.Since 147 until recently, 100 files have been opened, each one for the declaration of a cure.The CMIL met about thirty times between 147 and 18. They have presented files to the Church, 1 have been judged to be miraculous. Before the CMIL came into being the Church had recognised 46 miracles.II - Enquiry and decision of a miracle by the Church.When the file is sent to the Bishop of the place where the cured person lives, the case is already recognised as extraordinary by science and medically inexplicable.It remains for the Church, through the intermediary of the Bishop, to make an announcement on the miraculous character of the cure.To do this, the Bishop gathers together a Diocesan Canonical Commission made up of priests, canonists, and theologians. The rules that guide the procedures of this Commission are those defined in 174 by the future Pope Benedict XIV in his treatise Concerning the Beatification and Canonisation of Servants of God (Book IV, Part I, Chapter VIII nø)In summary the rules demand that there must not be found in the cure any valid explanation, medical or scientific, natural or usual. This is the case for the cures that have taken place at Lourdes, as we will see.. Having established this, it remains for the Canonical Commission to determine that this cure comes from God.Furnished with conclusions reached by the Commission, it is the responsibility of the Bishop to make a definitive pronouncement and to suggest to his Diocese and to the world that they see this cure as a sign from God.

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We Were Soldiers

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We Were Soldiers We Were Soldiers is based on a true story about the first major battle in Vietnam. The movie has an extensive cast including Mel Gibson, Madeleine Stowe, Greg Kinnear, Chris Klein, and Sam Elliot. Director and writer Randall Wallace, known for Braveheart, puts together a fairly accurate portrayal of the battle. The motion picture illustrates the battle of Ia Drang, located in Northern Vietnam. That battle is said to be one of the most gory and fierce battles of the war. The United States was facing a new enemy and did not know quite how to fight it. Hidden by massive jungles and ravines, the Vietcong, known as VC, had a different way of fighting than the US had experienced. To accommodate this, the U.S. used Huey Helicopters to transport men and supplies to the front-line. Colonel Hal Moore (Mel Gibson) leads the first Battalion, 7th Cavalry (along with 400 men) into what is said to be the "Valley of Death." Unaware of what he is up against, Col. Moore and his men exit the helicopters and begin to patrol the area. Minutes later, they find out base-headquarters of the North Vietcong is directly in front of them. The North Vietcong was estimated to be 4000 men strong; this compared to Moore's 400 men. Almost immediately, intense shooting and bomb-bardment broke. For many of Moore's men, that was the first combat situation they had experienced. US soldiers are pushed to the brink of annihilation in order to hold their ground and keep the VC from overrunning them. The intense fighting goes on for days. In the end, over 1,800 Vietcong soldiers were dead and 155 US soldiers had given their life for their country (We Were Soldiers). The Film, "We Were Soldiers," is a historical account of the first major battle of Vietnam; This paper will explore both the accurate angle, as well as the fabricated dialogue using factual documentation. "We Were Soldiers" is a film directed towards the American people. The film shows everyone working together. Wallace wants the audience to believe that great teamwork and equality existed. Moore says, "We are a battalion of many nationalities, ethnic groups, religions, black, white, Asian, but on that battle field none of that will matter. You will watch eachothers back as they will watch yours" (We Were Soldiers). "In this film there are no cowards, no racists. Everyone pulls together; nobody runs in fear; and everybody holds their ground. U.S. soldiers die saying things like, Tell my wife I love them, and I'm glad I got the chance to die for my country"(Paul D'Amato). These words cause an inaccurate portrayal of what actually occurred between soldiers of different colors and nationalities. Not every soldier was a brave American hero as the movie sets out to do. According to Soldiers in Revolt, a historical book that recaps the war, there were many cowards and soldiers that did not follow orders. Here, every soldier is mindful, obeys, and never pulls back. This is what makes the American audience feel reassured about the soldiers we have fighting for us. Furthermore, Buy cheap We Were Soldiers term paper

the Vietnam War takes place in the mid 160's, a time when whites and blacks had a separate but equal policy. However, this film shows men of all colors acting as if skin color was not an issue. Wallace does this to show the audience how America pulls together during a time of war. Soldiers in Revolt states, "soldiers formed their own cliques, mainly consisting of soldiers with the same skin color" (66). This statement contradicts what Wallace was trying to depict about how the soldiers got along. Second, "If Ia Drang was put into its proper historical context, it would be portrayed as a battle in which poorly armed, but more motivated Vietnamese soldiers, fighting for their homeland, confronted forces with far greater military capabilities and showed for the first time the US had a fight on their hands"(Paul D'Amato). The US went into this war underestimating their enemy, thus costing many American soldiers their lives. The Vietcong were inferior in comparison with the American air power as well as artillery (Galloway). However, they were masters in guerrilla warfare, a method the US was not accustomed to. The film shows how brave and well the Americans fought outnumbered 10 to 1. Yet without the air support and artillery, the Americans would have for surely been overrun by the massive number of men they were facing. Generals in the Pentagon thought Moore would not have any problem defeating the enemy with the amount of air support and weapons possessed by the American military. The Americans did not know how many men they were facing; did not know the terrain; and did not know the Vietcongs capabilities. This lack of knowledge ends up being very costly to American lives. The Americans were waging a war halfway across the world, whereas the Vietcong were fighting on their home turf. This gave the VC more motivation to keep fighting. This film portrays "Ia Drang campaign as a US victory. This is completely shortsighted"(Paul D'Amoto). By winning this major battle, it causes the audience to assume that America wins the war. That is far from the truth. America is a country far greater in population as well as size. We are far more advanced than Vietnam and have far more money than Vietnam. "America possesses some of the most brilliant Generals in the world" (Nam 6). According to Nam, a historical recap of Vietnam, "America's fighting men won every major battle, including such crucial conflicts as Ap Bia…in the Au Shau Valley, Khe Sanh and Tet 167, yet we lost the war."(66)Lastly, the film has many small things that are not historically correct. The movie claims there were 400 men. According to Nam and an account with Moore himself, there were more like 450 soldiers that fought in the "Valley of Death". Wallace did this to make the American odds even higher than they already are. Nam claims that 16 huey helicopters airlifted the men but the movie shows only 11. It also seemed that when a soldier died, the next day the widow would receive a telegram. There is no way a wife could receive confirmation of her husbands death that quickly. This film has many factual things incorporated into it. Overall, the film remains pretty consistent with testimonies from other soldiers including, Col. Hal Moore who, along with Joe Galloway, a reporter that worked with Moore, wrote the book, "We Were Soldiers once young". We Were Soldiers portrayed Moore fairly well. Moore knew he was facing something he had never faced before. Going into the thick jungles of Vietnam would be a new experience for him and the US Army. The Pentagon used Moore as their "Guinea Pig" to test the enemys strengths and weaknesses. Moore was a highly educated man, as the film showed, graduating from WestPoint and attending Harvard. He was experienced in warfare and was big on discipline and training, which the film depicted as well. Moore believed he should be the first on and the last one off the battlefield. Wallace made sure this was well known. In conclusion, although many main points are altered to satisfy the American people, Wallace does a good job of bringing a lot of history and truth into this Hollywood motion picture. Thus showing the American people some of the things that occurred overseas while protecting our freedom.

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Chapters 2 and 3 of Gulliver's Travels

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In Gulliver's Travels, Jonathan Swift satirizes all of English society of his time. More than any other group, it seems clear that the Lilliputians who capture and "control" Gulliver are representative of the politicians who ran England in Swift's time. In attempting to control Gulliver, the Lilliputians exhibit the characteristics of arrogance, greed, and ambition. Each of these traits, while perhaps necessary for political mobility, are given a negative connotation. Moreover, they seem to instill in Gulliver an inclination toward submission. In Swift's satire, this is a commentary on the attitudes and actions of the English nobility and the effect on the average English citizen. According to Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, arrogance is "that species of pride which . . . exalts the worth of importance of the person to an undue degree." The first instance of such arrogance in Chapter is in the description of the Emperor on page 81. In naming specifically those features that can be identified as "royal," Swift satirizes the ideal English man, so to speak. The Prince is tall, "strong and masculine, with an Austrian lip, and arched nose, his complexion olive, his countenance erect." Additionally, he has well proportioned body and limbs, graceful motions and a majestic deportment. Swift also comments on the prime age of an absolute monarch, which lies somewhere after 1 and before "twenty-eight years and three quarters." The importance of such features of a ruling monarch is greatly exaggerrated, which implies arrogance. It is possible that one reason the Emperor maintains power even "past his prime" is that he is also the ideal Lilliputian. There is, on page 8, another description of the Emperor of Lilliput. Although written by Skyresh Bolgolam, a courtier, it seems to describe the Emperor's view of himself. The Emperor is "delight," "terror," "pleasant," "comfortable," "fruitful," and "dreadful." It seems as if he is more than a little taken with himself and his power. This passage contains other evidence of Lilliputian arrogance, as well. Although it is a document discussing Gulliver's release, the articles don't even call him by name. To the Lilliputians, he is still "Man-Mountain," even after he has "earned" his release. He is a monster in their custody. A final indication of arrogance in Lilliput is in the structure of society. There is, as in England, a system of ranked nobility. Additionally, there are servants. Throughout Chapters and , Gulliver himself seems to be affected by the Lilliputians' power. He submits to them, even going so far as to sign a treaty of sorts regarding his responsibility after being set free. On page 0, he mentions that the Emperor hoped that Gulliver himself "should prove a useful servant." The idea that the Lilliputians really had such control over Gulliver, or "Man-Mountain," as they referred to him, may seem absurd, but the fact is that Gulliver himself subscribed to the idea. This is yet another example of the arrogance of the Lilliputians, and its effect on a man prepared to accept the role of a commoner in a noble society.

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The second vice evident in Swift's satire is greed. Greed is defined in The American Heritage Dictionary as "an excessive desire to acquire or possess more than what one needs or deserves." On page 85, after having taken an inventory of Gulliver's possessions, the Emperor has his men seize his scimitar, pocket pistols, and money pouch. It is difficult to identify what uses the Lilliputians could possibly have for weapons they could not lift and money they could not spend. However, they seem to be aware that in some society, these articles have value, and desire the goods for that reason. The greed of the Lilliputians, or at least of their nobility, is also evident in their attire. When the Emperor first approaches Gulliver, he wore on his head "a light helmet of gold, adorned with jewels, and a plume on the crest." (81). This helmet, which couldn't have been any use in battle, is merely for show. Similarly, the hilt and scabbard of the Emperor's sword were "gold enriched with diamonds." Like the treasured weapons and armor of most nobility, these are simply evidence of wealth. Although the Emperor's reign had been "generally victorious," Gulliver says on page 8 that the subjects of Lilliput "are bound to attend him [the Emperor] in his wars at their own expense." It may be assumed that this expense includes not only monetary cost but also the expense of life. Each of these facts seems to parallel the role of a monarch in any society, according to Swift. The final vice identified by Swift in his satire of English society is ambition. In fact, it is not widely accepted that ambition is a bad trait. This characteristic is actually portrayed in the most comical way and is more of a commentary on the circus that is the political world than on the negative aspects of ambition. The first instance of the games played by ambitious politicians is in the rope-dancing on page 86. Feats on the tightrope are performed only by "those persons who are candidates for great employments, and high favor, at court." While the persons who participate are not always of noble birth, it is most commonly the nobles who compete for positions at court. One important line on page 86 indicates that the these rope-dancing contests take place "when a great office is vacant either by death or disgrace (which often happens)." Evidently, in Lilliputian society, it doesn't take much to lose your place in the hierarchy of power and in order to regain such power, you must be a performer. More than any other part of Chapters and , Swift's description of the rope-dancing is a satire of the English political arena. A second example of ambition in Lilliputian politics is found on page 87. In order to claim the Emperor's favor, nobles must "undergo a trial of dexterity very different than the former." Gulliver refers to this as "leaping and creeping" and describes it as a "trial of dexterity." This exercise is not used to award political power, but to identify nobles according to the Emperor's favor in the public eye, through the use of colored sashes. In English society, this might represent the vast difference in the dress of the nobles and peasants, all according to power awarded indiscriminately by the absolute monarch. Throughout Gulliver's Travels, there is satire. In his description of the Lilliputian nobility, Swift satirizes the personality traits of arrogance, greed and ambition. Additionally, he finds humor in the actions of these nobles. What makes this satire ring most true is that Gulliver immediately falls into the role of commoner. It seems as if the Lilliputian nobility most closely resemble the ruling powers of the society from whence he came. For this reason, Gulliver accepts the restrictions the Emperor placed on him and even seems to be impressed by the political acrobatics he witnesses at court. Lemuel Gulliver is representative of the typical English commoner just as the nobles of the court of Lilliput are representative of the English nobility of Swift's day.

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Cloud Peak

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As humans we all have certain character flaws. My personal flaw is that I sometimes think too much. It is also commonly accepted that as humans we are unique in processing a heightened awareness of our surroundings and our role in them. Whether this truly is unique to Homo sapiens is not so certain to me, but I do know that I personally have spent a large portion of my life thinking about existence and purpose. Over the relatively insignificant twenty one years of my life I have been forever building upon my experiences and ponderings to form a world view that is very distinct from any other. In actuality, these feelings have grown to become even more than a world view, because they attempt to address my questions of existence and purpose and peace. I define these feelings as my religion. These feelings usually center on the natural world, which I try to respect with every breath. I believe that every single microscopic and seemingly unessential iota of this universe has a place, a divine reason for being, that is probably just as crucial to the whole of existence as any one of us. I revel in the natural awesomeness of all places, but especially those that exist in a more uncorrupted and balanced state, no matter how barren or unforgiving they may seem to us as humans. Thus, when I get a brief chance to explore these places I tend to get a little too ambitious. I can be perfectly content examining one small handful of earth and its inhabitants for hours on end, but I also take pride in my nomadic abilities. It just seems that I have an inborn urge to "cover ground@. As a result, some of my most inspiring memories are of scrambling and gasping up rather challenging mountains where a fit hiker can climb from the lush hardwood forests to wind scorched boulder fields in a matter of hours. I can=t even really explain the satisfaction that I get from such grueling hikes, but in some way my toil and suffering almost seems like an offering of myself back to nature and its own universal laws, back to the era of survival of the fittest. My most recent ascent was of Bomber Mountain and Cloud Peak, two neighboring mountains in the Bighorn Range of Wyoming. My parents had wandered west for our annual family vacation, and they too were eager for a hike in one of our favorite wildernesses. Of course, it still was a vacation, and we did not actually begin our trek until slightly after 00 a.m. We had been warned by a local that our goals were a little unrealistic and that Mirror Lake was a rather difficult hike for only one day, but were undeterred. We decided to keep our plans flexible, head that direction, and see what would happen.

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The weather was gorgeous when we left, but slowly worsened as we climbed. Actually, that is a relative statement that assumes the weather existed just for us, and I should instead say that the weather became less and less conducive to hiking. It became somewhat colder, but more ominously rain clouds appeared to be blowing in. Undaunted, we still made far better time than predicted, and we reached Mirror Lake shortly after noon. On the brim of this almost painfully beautiful alpine lake we snacked and debriefed. My parents were tired and sore, while I was ready to set my own pace and see far more. So I collected a few small snacks, some water, and the map and headed up to Florence Pass. I was anxious to see how much it had changed in the past thirteen months, and I made excellent time. This encouraged me to climb further still in search of the sixty year old bomber wreckage that gave this foreboding mass of broken rock the name Bomber Mountain. Again I fared far better than expected and found the wreckage in short order. While investigating the twisted pieces and trying to read their story, I met a father and son team who had spent a great deal of time hiking in the area. They explained precisely how to get to Cloud Peak, the highest in the range, and what to do if I wanted to challenge myself on its boulder cluttered slopes. They insisted that I go back to the truck and load up with enough gear for two days. I could then, if I really hustled, climb back up to Mirror Lake and camp there for the night. This would put me in the perfect position to tackle Cloud Peak in the morning, but even with this head start the scramble up Cloud Peak and back in one day would be pushing the envelope. I thanked them for their help and then proceeded up the slope to the ridge, just to earn a distant glimpse of Cloud Peak. I honestly intended on following their advice and only wanted to familiarize myself with the next day's route to the summit. I am rather goal oriented and ambitious, and when I saw that summit one of my character flaws again came to the surface. I started to rationalize an excuse to go for it all, right then and there. I had already proven that I could cover far more ground than anyone expected, why shouldn't I continue? The weather looked hostile, but it had been threatening for hours now and had never intensified. The summit seemed only inches away, and I could hear the irresistible Sereines' calling to me. So, against all notions of reality, I began descending the precipitous chasm that separates Bomber Mountain and Cloud Peak. I am still surprised that I survived unscathed. It was definitely not an approved route, unless you are a mountain goat. I think that I sent about half of that ancient mountain clinking down before me in the incessant small rockslides that I created. What matters, though, is that I made it to the bottom in impressive time, which was all the more motivation to push on. As I began my climb up the opposite side of this rock strewn rift the weather final began to follow up on its threats. Soon, lightning, rain, and then freezing rain drove me to cower beneath a large boulder. But the storm began to subside within a few minutes and I was soon back on my feet and moving fast. The steepness quickly intensified, and then the boulders began growing in enormity. Before long the thin air mercilessly forced me to pause for breath almost as much as I climbed. The strain and fatigue was starting to even affect my thinking as all other thoughts drained from my consciousness. All I could think of was reaching that peak, and every time I clawed up over a ridge I was sure that I had finally accomplished my goal, or at least until I would look up to behold yet another sea of rocks. This went on for quite some time until suddenly, at over 1,000 feet, I reached a sheer precipice which almost seemed to be the end of creation. It actually scared me at its almost instantaneous appearance. Below me, by at least a thousand feet, was a small, dirty, and ribbed glacier slowly creeping into an electric blue lake. This view took my breath away, which was the last thing I needed. As I tore my eyes away form the lake's enticing beauty I could see mile after mile of forested mountains and lakes. Then, suddenly, I remembered what I had come for. I gingerly turned one hundred and sixty degrees to my left to gaze upon, only a few hundred yards away, the cairn that marks the summit of Cloud Peak. With one parting look below I began my stride up those remaining few boulders. I had done it. My life was, for at least that moment in time, complete. I had made my offering. I was exceptionally cold and fatigued, but it was all worth it a million times over. Now I only had to get home intact. Which is another story all its own.

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Camera

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Photography is one of things that people think that it works by magic. There is no such thing as magic so in this assignment I will show how a camera works.The technology making up a camera is very basic. A simple disposable camera work in much of the same way as a $600 one. All cameras consists of three basic elements, an optical element (the lens), a chemical element (the film), and the technology element or rather the camera body. The only differences between expensive and cheap plastic cameras are their functions.The real hard part of producing a camera is the way they are assembled in such a fashion it is able to record beautiful pictures.The one I will be explaining is the SLR the manual single-lens-reflex camera, the camera that is used by professionals. It is rather older fashioned compared to the new point and shoot cameras but it includes all the fundamental processes of photography.

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The ScienceThe science in how a camera works is how it bends the light in other to allow it to be exposed on the film. This science -- bending light.Within the camera are many different parts but the one that bends the light or rather refract, is the convex/converging lens. A converging lens is the ones that have ends curving outwards. How does a simple piece of glass bend light? Easy, light travels faster in some substances than in other; so it travels faster through the air than glass. When the light hits the lens at an angle, the light will start to down while going through the glass. Because the light is travelling slower, the light bends towards the lens, and when the light leaves the lens it has a new course! Since it is bent inwards, the light is bent towards one spot, the focal point, it is where the object being photographed is flipped around, producing a real image. Of which is printed onto the film. LensSince a lens can bend light, we can change the thickness of the lens to vary the bending angle. The thicker (in the middle) lens is, the sharper the light will bend. Increasing the bending angle has a major effect, because it will change where the light will meet (the focal point), closer or further away from the lens. By increasing the distance between focal point and the lens, will mean that the real image will enlarge. The closer it is to the lens, the smaller the real image is going to be. And of course the larger the better, because it is clearer, but because the film size will not take in the entire image the edges will be left out. The smaller the image is the more the scene will be captured. This is called magnification, or rather zoom. Professional cameras have changeable lenses, so that you can focus on a scene at different magnifications. The magnification power of a lens is described by its focal length, which is determined as the distance between the lens and the focal point. It is measured in millimetres and the higher the number, the bigger the magnification. Different lenses are used in different situations. A telephoto lens has an especially long focal length, it is used to photo something that is very far away. The one above is a 400mm telephoto lens. If it is something up close you would a wide-angle lens. This lens has a rather shorter focal length so it shrinks the image in front of you. The one on your left is a 4mm wide-angle lens. But if you were to take normal photos where the object is not exceptionally closer of far away, you would use a normal lens of around 50mm of focal length.FilmOnce the science has done its job by inversing the original image to a new real image, it is then exposed to the film, the thing that records the real image.Film, the chemical compound in a camera, when your expose a real image onto it, it will record the pattern of light. When the film is exposed t light the tiny light-sensitive grains that are spread out on the plastic react to the light that will inverse the original colours. White turns black, blue turns yellow, etc. In the coloured film, it has three layers of light-sensitive substances, which responds to blue, green, and red. When the film is developed, these layers are exposed to chemicals that dye the layers of film. When you put the three dyed layers together you get the original image you took.ShutterTo capture a picture you need to keep the film in complete darkness because it will expose the film unnecessarily. The film is kept inside the back of the camera that is separated from the focusing lens by the shutter. If the shutter is released, light will travel through the lens, past the retracted shutter and then onto the film, which exposes the real image. To have a perfect outcome, you have to control how much light is allowed to reach the film; but you can only control the shutter speed (how fast the shutter opens and closes) on SLR cameras. Most new cameras (Point and Shoot) will also determine for you the shutter speed but not always the best timing, so SL R takes the best photos! If the film is exposed for too long, too many light-sensitive grains will react. The final outcome will look blurred or a washed out. If too little light is allowed into the camera, too few grains will react, and the photo will turn out very dark. Shutter SpeedThe shutter speed is the length of time the shutter opens to allow light to be exposed to the film. A shutter speed of 1/15s means that the film is exposed to light for 1/15 of a second. The faster the shutter opens and closes the quicker movement the camera can capture still. The problems is the most people can only hold a camera still enough not to get shake at shutter speeds of 1/60s or slower, if it is faster than speed you will need a stabilisation to hold your camera. Since your muscles in your hand are constantly moving especially hold such a heavy thing, your hand will shake, causing the final photo to be blurred (of your hand¡¦s rapid up and down movement). To avoid blurring you should always have shutter speed faster than the focal length of the lens in mm, for example a 00mm lens would need a shutter speed of 1/00s to avoid blurring. For example, when you are taking a picture of a waterfall, if you are set at 1/15s you will see the water as long soft streaks, but if you take it at 1/50s you will find that the water if fine and clear and you can make out droplets of the water. ApertureTo control the amount of light reaching the film is a special mechanism called the aperture, the lens opening. As well as the iris diaphragm (the plates which shrink and expand in front of the lens) that acts like your iris, it expands to capture more light and closes to let in less light. The brighter the surroundings the more you would close you apertures, and if there is utter darkness you would have your aperture opened.The viewfinderThe viewfinder is one of the amazing mechanisms within the camera; being able to see what the final product will look like. In a SLR camera, you will see the actual real image. Inside the camera, there is a hinged mirror, positioned between the lens and the shutter. The image is bounced off the mirror, then goes through the pentaprism, and is projected onto the translucent screen; which serves as a projection screen. The purpose of the pentaprism is that it will flip the image the right way up again so that it can be viewed. When you are to take a photo and press the magic button, the mirror retracts upwards so it does not get in the way, which is why your viewfinder is black when you take a picture.

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Krispy Kreme Financials

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Krispy Kreme first traded its Shares in the NASDAQ market on April 5, 000. Under the ticker symbol KKD Krispy Kreme started trading on the NYSE on May 17, 001. Krispy Kreme offers ,450,000 shares for the public to grasp.Financial OutlookWhen reviewing the financial analysis of Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Inc we have grown by leaps and bounds in the pass five years. Management has cut expenses considerably, by reinvesting in the business and opening the door to franchisees. In analyzing the financial strengths of the company and how the functional strategic technique management has chosen to generate profits from operations we would like to show how rewarding that has been. Systemwide sales for Krispy Kreme between 18 and 00 have increased on average .5%, which is a indication of the demand for the product. Company revenues for that time period increased on average 0%, and net income increased on average an outstanding 4% for the same time period (see chart 1, , ). This only indicated how well the Companies strategy is working and the magnitude of the product.

Krispy Kreme current quick ratio as of year ending February , 00 was 1.6, which is the current assets minus inventory divided by current liabilities. This indicates the firms liquidity, the ability to pay it short-term debt from current assets, which gives us a competitive advantage in the industry. To show the profitability of the firm lets take a look at the net profit margin. This shows the after-tax profit generated from each sale. For the same time period Krispy Kreme has a profit margin of 4%. Also indicating the profitability of the company is the return on investment (ROI) and return on equity (ROE). We measure the quality of our management and how efficient the firm is run by ROI, the net profit after tax divided by total assets. This also shows that good sound investments are made to aid in the growth of the firm, we are holding our own at 4%. ROE gives our shareholders an ideal of how the company is growing. Our shareholders are the life of Krispy Kreme, they are what keep us going, and for the period ending /00 the ROE was % this is computed by taking the net profit after taxes divided by the shareholders equity. Listed below is a liquidity and profitability chart indicating our progress over the past five years which is a sound bases for forecasting an average increase of % over the next two years. This would make way for new innovations in our product line.SUMMARY OF FINANCIALS Key ratios YEAR ENDED 1/1/ 1/0/00 1/8/01 //0 //0 Current Ratio 1. 1.14 1.08 1.4 .6 Quick Ratio 0.4 1.05 0.76 1.6 1.6 Cash Ratio 0.17 0.11 0. 0.4 0.54 Net Profit Margin % % 5% 7% 4% ROI % 6% % 1% 4% ROE 6.80% 1.0% 1.0% 1.40% %Krispy Kreme Weighted Competitive Strength Assessment Weight KrispyKreme DunkinDonuts LaMarsDonuts TimHorton'sKey Success Factor/StrengthMeasure Quality/Product performance 0.0 8/1.6 8/1.6 8/1.7 8/1.8Reputation/Image 0.10 8/0.8 8/0.8 6/0.6 8/0.8Manufacturing capability 0.05 8/0.4 8/0.4 6/0.5 8/0.4Technological skills 0.05 6/0. 7/0.5 6/0. 7/0.5Networking/Distribution capability 0.05 8/0.4 8/0.4 6/0. 8/0.4Product innovation 0.10 6/0.6 7/0.7 6/0.6 8/0.8Financial resources 0.10 8/0.8 8/1.6 8/1.7 8/1.8Advertising 0.05 7/0.5 /0.45 6/0. 10/0.5Relative cost position 0.0 7/1.4 7/1.4 7/1.5 7/1.6Customer service 0.10 8/0.8 7/0.7 7/0.7 8/0.8Sum of weights 1.00 Weighted overall strength rating 7.55 8.4 8.05 .5SWOT AnalysisStrengths • Affordability of products• Well established and long running company• Long term company values that have remained virtually unchanged since company inception• Loyal customer base• Nationally known brand of donuts • Hot, fresh donuts daily offer competitive advantage• Donut-making "theatres"• Strong Community relationships• "One-of-a-kind taste"Weaknesses • Limited menu items• Markets are leaning towards healthier food products• Heavy competition• Lack of advertisingOpportunities • Expansion into premium coffee lines• Diversification of product offerings• Co-Branding opportunities• Expansion into a more global marketplace• Web based sales of Krispy Kreme merchandiseThreats • Stiff competition from several similar companies• Healthier product alternatives availablePorter's 5 ForcesSupplier Power- Supplier's power is very limited in this industry due to the sheer number of possible suppliers of ingredients that are easily obtained. Supplier power is also limited by the fact that Krispy Kreme's mixing facilities have been centralized. Buyer Power- Buyer's have abundant power in the donut industry. There are many options available to the buyer. They can make their own donuts or pick and choose from a wide range of donut stores. In order to draw customers away from the other options Krispy Kreme must use methods such as the donut theatre to lure these buyers.Barriers to Entry- There appear to be very few barriers to entry into the donut industry. When you are specializing in one simple product such as a donut, equipment is minimal and knowledge to produce donuts is easily gained. Anyone who has cooked at home can quickly learn to cook donuts.Threat of Substitutes- There will always be substitutes for donuts and the lean towards healthier living creates a vast range of substitutes. An example would be bagel or muffin chains offering a healthier alternative to donuts. Krispy Kreme must be aware of these alternatives and be prepared to adjust their product line to accommodate or lure potential customers.Rivalry- There has been and may always be a large amount of rivalry between competing donut producers. The range of producers is vast, from small private bakeries to larger chains such as Dunkin' Donuts. Donuts are easily produced from relatively inexpensive ingredients. This creates competition and rivalry and Krispy Kreme should be look at expanding its product lines into new markets.FinancialKrispy Kreme's total revenue has grown at a compound average rate 17.4% since 15. The overall percentage increase in revenues over the seven year period from $115 million to $00.7 million is 161.5%. Net income has increased steadily. Net income jumped from $4.6 million to $14.7 million between 15 and 001 for a CAGR of 1.%. System wide sales are up from $146.7 million to $448.1 million for a CAGR of 0.5%. Operating profit margins have also steadily risen from 1% in 17 to 0% in 001. This indicates that Krispy Kreme's profit margins are excellent and still on the rise.Average weekly and annual sales comparison show that between 15 and 001 the CAGR in annual sales for company owned stores was approximately 7.4% and the CAGR in annual sales for franchised stores was 11.8%. While there is still room for improvement these financial performance results are good.

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Drug and alcohol programs in American school. Are they effective

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Drug and Alcohol Programs in American School. Are they effective? Drugs and kids, It's a reality that every parent must face. You can not deny it .You can not ignore it. But as parents and other concerned caregivers, you are your children's greatest resource. Drug and alcohol use is widespread among American children. Despite the fact that it is illegal for virtually all high school students to purchase alcohol beverages, nearly all high school seniors have tried alcohol. The implementation of formal drug policies and programs is absolutely essential for our schools. The overall drug use by American teens is down significantly since 17. But according to the 00 partnership Attitude Tracking study, an estimated .6 million teens are in grades seven through 1 in America today. Of them 11. million (48 percent of the teen population) have tried illegal drugs, 8.5 millions (7 percent) have used illegal drugs in the past year and 5.4 million (4 percent)-nearly one out of every four teens in the nation have used illegal drugs in the past 0 days. So the question that arises now is what measures should be taken to establish a safe and disciplined school without militarizing the learning environment? Are

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the drug programs that are offered at school effective? What should be the role of parents in the development of safe and drug free school policies? During the 000-001 school year, Times-News correspondent Jessica Rivelli (00) revealed that the administrators from the North Carolina school caught 70 students in possession of a controlled substance. That was a 40 percent increase from the 4 incidents reported in the 1-000 school year. Nationwide, one in three high school students say students smoke and drink at their school. This statistic is just one of the many reported in a 117-page study," Malignant Neglect Substance Abuse and America's School", released by the National Center on Addiction and Substances Abuse. Alcohol and drug use take a large toll on children, families, and communities. Although the use of drugs and alcohol by children under the age of 1 has been identified, most prevention programs continue to be focused on middle and high school students (Bush & Iannotti,1; Finke & Williams,1; long & Boik, 1 Ried, Martinson, and Weaver,187; Teets, 11). There is mounting evidence that young children must not only cope with peer pressure to use drug and alcohol, but also live within families where there is drug and alcohol use (Bush & Iannotti; Clair & Genest, 186; Gritchting & Barber, 18; Needle et al ., 186 ; Rosa, sandier, Beals, & Short, 188; Werner, 185). These children live in fear of those family members who use drugs or alcohol (Finke et al., Finke & Williams). A number of drug education and prevention programs exist but few of these programs have been evaluated for effectiveness. The DARE program (Drug Abuse Resistance Education), created by the Los Angeles Police Department in the early 180's is still taught in a large number of school systems. Ennett, Tobler, Ringwalt, and Flewelling (14) studied the DARE program effectiveness and found that although the knowledge of the exposed children about drugs was raised, the program did not prevent drug use. From the curriculum review in education, (April 00), in Illinois alone, DARE officials say 50 percent of schools in the programs will opt out next year. Recent studies conducted by the General accounting Office and the U.S. surgeon General, among others, concluded that DARE graduates are likely to use drugs as classmates who don't go through the program. Although 5 million kids complete DARE training annually, the U.S. Department of Education no longer considers it to be an effective program. The factor affecting students' in-school substance use was the degree to which students feel alienated from their schools. Educators need to become aware of and respond to disaffected students. Teachers and other school staff should look for warning signs like frequent skipping of class and poor academic performance. Researchers must also find ways to increase students' attachment to school and their classes. These strategies may include classroom activities that increase student participation, school wide programs that encourage student involvement in extracurricular activities. Another factor that plays an important role in the alcohol or drug use of children is self-esteem. A positive self-esteem has been found to correlate with no alcohol or drug use by school-age children(Dielman, Leech, Lorenger, & Horvath, 14; long & Bik, 1; Young, Werch, & Bakema, 18). A pattern has been found that children with low self-esteem are more likely to use alcohol or drugs. However there has been some success in the drug and alcohol programs to prevent drug use by children. Donaldson, Graham, Piccinin, and Hansen (15) evaluated a resistance skill- training program involving 1,000 children in fifth through eighth grades in a California school system. The program was based on Evans' (184) theoretical base that a child's decision to use alcohol or drugs depends on the child's ability to resist social pressure. Children whose parents closely supervised their children's play, peers and whereabouts were less likely to use drugs. The other programs like the SADD (student against drunk driving) and mock programs that are offered by many schools, has helped a lot of students. The mock trial program are so realistic, that it helps a student witnessing the drama as to how he/she will end up if they were to take drugs or alcohol. On Thursday May 15th 00,a mock trial was held at Westford High School. Many of the students were stunned by the trial and realized what will happen to them if they took alcohol or drugs. And after interviewing a couple of students and teachers, I found that these programs have had a positive impact on students. The drug and alcohol programs offered in our American school are a must to help students know the consequences of taking drugs. As we see that the use of drug and alcohol has been on rise, I wouldn't want to say that these programs are not effective. Yes, these programs will be more effective if they1. Include not only drug awareness information, but also resistance skills and self-esteem exercises. . Programs should include survival skills for living in a home where parents or siblings use drug or alcohol. . Parental monitoring and community participation of children's behavior or some kind of supervision is required. These programs can only guide us, but the rest lies on the hands of the student, parents and the community. If a student wishes to stop using drugs, he/she with the help of these programs and support from the community will be successful.

Please note that this sample paper on Drug and alcohol programs in American school. Are they effective is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Drug and alcohol programs in American school. Are they effective, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Drug and alcohol programs in American school. Are they effective will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Freud vs Horkheimer and Adorno

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It is not uncommon for humans to take ideas from others and expand on them. Whether it is to change the idea or improve upon it, we all take previous notions and adjust them for our purposes. This is the case with the book Dialectic of Enlightenment by Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno. They have taken some of Sigmund Freud's most famous ideas, along with many of their own, and modified them into a different way of thinking. In Freud's book, New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis, he refers to the concepts of the id, ego and superego. Freud's theory states that, "The superego applies the strictest moral standard to the helpless ego which is at its mercy; in general the claims of morality, and we realize all at once that our moral sense of guilt is the expression of the tension between the ego and the superego." (Page 76) In other words, the superego is like the conscience of the ego and plays a major role in telling the ego what it should and shouldn't do. The id, on the other hand, is the inner instinct; the unconscious that tries to tempt one to do what one wants to do, and not what one thinks one should do.

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These terms can be applied to Horkeimer and Adorno's text through the myths that they take from Homer's Odyssey. In the installment about Odysseus and the Sirens, Odysseus is the superego, the Sirens are the id and the inferior rowers are the ego. Odysseus applied his "morals" to the rowers by putting cotton in their ears, preventing them from hearing the Sirens and rowing their boat into the rocks. Then Odysseus allows himself the pleasure of listening to the song of the Sirens, but he is smart enough to tie himself to the mast to avoid jumping overboard to his death. Odysseus is said to be the superego because he is in charge or the sailors, who are the ego. The superego enforces its "conscience" on the ego and doesn't allow the ego to partake in certain pleasures, which in this case would be listening to the Sirens. In other words, the superego does not allow a conversation to form between the id and the ego, (or in Horkheimer and Adorno terms, there is no conversation between nature and human beings). Odysseus is the extreme conscience who has control over where his rowers steer his ship. He is the superego, and has the authority as do parents, teachers, and law enforcers to place guilt upon those who disobey him. In their book, Horkheimer and Adorno refer to Odysseus as the ego when they say, "The adventures of Odysseus are all dangerous temptations removing the self from its logical course. He gives way to each allurement as a new experience, trying it out as would a novice still impervious to good advice... ". (Page 47) This can be interpreted to mean that Odysseus is willing to step outside the boundaries of his superego and take chances as the ego does. But despite this, it is Odysseus who is in control of the rowers (the ego), who overcomes the Sirens (the id) and it is he who is the real superego in this myth. Horkheimer and Adorno use the term conversation to refer to the interaction between two parties. They feel that a conversation must take place between humans and nature. In Freudian terms, nature is the id and humans are the ego. The ideas of nature harmonizing with humans can be related to the myth of Circe. Like the Sirens, Circe is the id. She was linked closely to nature and had the ability to draw men close to her. Once again, Odysseus is said to be the superego, simply because he did not submit to Circe. The superego is strengthened as one grows, and those men who were tempted into Circe's grasp destroyed the system of their superego and its repression. In their text, Horkheimer and Adorno also describe Odysseus as the "prototype of the bourgeois individual". This refers to the distinction between the different levels of class in a particular society. The bourgeois was the level of class that was situated beneath the noblemen, or royalty, and their purpose was to deny those lower classes the chance to experience nature and the Dionysian episodes at its most prosperous. In the Odyssey, the rowers would be considered those lower classes who were denied that opportunity, and once again, Odysseus was the bourgeois; the one in control. Although the sailors are discerning and respectful, they are constantly repressed by the bourgeois and their desire for superiority. This notion of class structure that Horkheimer and Adorno refer to when talking about Odysseus and the Sirens, can be related to another myth the Cyclops and the Lotus Eaters. In this myth, there is a definite hierarchy which contains the Cyclops, the Lotus Eaters and the surrounding Greek civilization. The Lotus Eaters are the bottom rank because they live off of the land. They are closest to nature and live in harmony with the land. The Cyclops, however, is one step above the Lotus Eaters in the time-line of evolution. They are the herders who try to control nature by containing their herds in a specific area. The Cyclops are at the beginning of repression, as would be a young child who is starting to learn the difference between right and wrong. By learning that keeping sheep nearby prevents them from having to go hunting, the Cyclops have taken one step closer to civilization. The myth of the Cyclops and the Lotus Eaters can also be explained in Freudian terms, but not quite as well as in Horkheimer and Adorno terms. The Lotus Eaters would be the id, simply because they are closest to nature and do not have to repress themselves in any way, shape or form. The Cyclops would be the ego because they have begun their repression, but they still have a strong sense of their id. The Greek civilization would be the superego because they have undergone the most repression in comparison to the other two. It seems that Odysseus understood (although not directly) the concepts of the id, ego and superego, and the fact that it is necessary to have a harmonious conversation between them. Even though these concepts were not developed that far back, Odysseus appeared to know that he could not simply overcome the Sirens on his own. He had to use the superego to repress himself (by being tied to the mast), and yet he still had the small pleasure of being able to listen to his id (the Sirens). Odysseus unconsciously saw the harmonization between the id and the ego and ultimately was able to defeat the Sirens. Although Freud and Horkheimer and Adorno have different ways of explaining the same concepts, it's easy to see that Freud's ideas are substantially drawn upon in the texts of Horkheimer and Adorno. Freud's ideas have been modified to refer to other examples, but underneath it all both texts refer to the idea of controlling our most natural instincts. Whether listening to the Sirens or being touched by Circe's magic wand, when one listens to the id one creates a false sense of happiness. But listening entirely to the superego makes one repressed and unhappy. There must be a harmony between the id and the ego, between nature and humans; a conversation where each party gets their presence known. Horkheimer and Adorno picked up Freud's loose ends and tied them together in a unique way. Soon enough, someone else will come along and tie up the loose ends of Horkheimer and Adorno and create an entirely new way of thinking of their theories.

Please note that this sample paper on Freud vs Horkheimer and Adorno is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Freud vs Horkheimer and Adorno, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Freud vs Horkheimer and Adorno will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Father in heaven

If you order your cheap research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on father in heaven. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality father in heaven paper right on time.

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The life of Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler was responsible for more evil and suffering than any other man in modern history. There were many occurrences during his lifetime that triggered the outcome of what would happen later in history. Adolf Hitler was born in Braunau Am Inn, Austria, on April 0, 188. As a child he did very poorly in his studies; he did not complete high school. He was a great artist and actor. He applied for admission to the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna but was rejected for lack of talent. (Andreas Dorpalen, Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia) He didnt let anyone stop him from what he wanted to accomplish. He was the greatest pubic speaker in his time. Later events reveal that Hitler was evil and wanted to create his own specific culture and race. From 10 to 11, Hitler lived in the poorer districts of Vienna, moving from place to place. As a young boy he idolized the priests and for two years seriously considered becoming a priest himself. (http//www.historyplace.com/worldwar/riseofhitler/boyhood.htm) In 11, he moved to Munich, Germany to avoid military service in the Hapsburg Empire, which he despised. Adolf Hitler served for Germany in World War One. He was injured during the Battle Of The Somme and was hospitalized. Upon his release, he was assigned to light duty in Munich, Germany. He was shocked at the lack of concern and anti-war attitude among German civilians. He blamed the Jews for much of this and saw them as conspiring to spread unrest and undermine the German war effort. This idea of an anti-war conspiracy involving Jews would become an obsession to add to other anti-Semitic notions he acquired in Vienna, leading to an ever-growing hatred of Jews. (http//www.historyplace.com/worldwar/riseofhitler/warone.htm) After the war had ended and Germany was in ruins, Corporal Adolf Hitler was ordered to investigate a small group known as the German Workers Party in September 11, so Hitler attended. A man suggested that the German state of Bavaria break away from Germany and forming a new South German nation with Austria. This infuriated Hitler and he lectured the man for fifteen uninterrupted minutes. One of the founders whispered, ...hes got the gift of the gab. We could use him. The members welcomed Hitler into their group in 11 and Hitler accepted. This was one of the first steps to cause World War Two. Hitler soon became the center of attraction in the group, slowly attracting people to their group. He was also the main speaker of the German Workers Party. In his speeches, Hitler spoke against the Treaty of Versailles and delivered an anti-Semitic lecture, blaming the Jews for Germanys problems. The German Workers Party developed its political platform, the Twenty Five Points, which included the rejection of the Treaty of Versailles. He stated the Twenty Five Points at a meeting in Munich, where two thousand people attended. Hitler became leader of the Nazi Party in early 11. In the summer of 10, Hitler chose the symbol, which to this day remains possibly the most notorious in history, the swastika. Hitler later renamed his party to National Socialist German Workers Party, called for short, Nazi. To gain more popularity for himself and his party, he went to Berlin. At this time, the members of his party considered Hitler to be highly arrogant, even dictatorial. Hitler rushed back to Munich and countered them by announcing his resignation from the Party on July 11, 11. They realized the loss of Hitler would mean the end of the Nazi Party. Hitler seized the moment and announced he would return on the condition that he was made chairman and given dictatorial powers. The remaining members of the Nazi Party eventually backed down and Hitlers demand was put to vote. The result was 541 in favor of Hitler. On July , 11, Adolf Hitler was introduced as Führer of the Nazi Party. In April of 11, the European Allies of World War One presented a bill to Germany demanding payment ($ billion) for damages caused in the war, which Germany had started. Germany fell into fatal debt and hunger riots broke out. By November 1, the Nazis, with 55,000 followers, were the biggest and best organized. The Nazi Party demanded action; Hitler knew he had to act or risk losing the leadership of his Party. His party developed a plan. The plan was to kidnap the leaders of the Bavarian government and force them at gunpoint to accept Hitler as their leader. At 80pm on November 8, 1, SA troops under the direction of Hermann Göring surrounded the place. This attempted takeover was known Nazi Revolution. Hitler ordered the three highest officials of the Bavarian government into a back room and informed them they were to join him in proclaiming a Nazi revolution and would become part of the new government. The officials reluctantly agreed, but secretly were not sincere. Later, the three of them secretly escaped from the building. The next morning, Hitler and his Nazis desperately marched into Munich and attempted to take it over, but failed. Hitler was charged with Treason and was convicted. His penalty was five years, eligible for parole in six months. While he was behind bars, he wrote the first volume of a book, Mein Kampf (My Struggle), outlining his political and racial ideas in brutally complex detail, serving both as a blueprint for future actions and as a warning to the world. In his book, Hitler divides humans into categories based on physical appearance, establishing higher and lower orders, or types of humans. At the top, according to Hitler, is the Germanic man with his fair skin, blond hair and blue eyes. Hitler refers to this type of person as an Aryan. He asserts that the Aryan is the supreme form of human, or master race. The mightiest counterpart to the Aryan is represented by the Jew. A few days before Christmas 14, Hitler was released from prison after nine months. When Hitler was years old, he fell in love with his niece Geli Raubal (was the daughter of his half sister), who was nearly half Hitlers age. They had a romantic life, but when their relationship was having problems, Geli shot herself and died. Hitler became extremely depressed. During the Great Depression, Hitler knew the people were desperate and would listen to him, so he decided to run for president. On Election Day September 14, 10, the Nazis received over eighteen percent of the total, and were thus entitled to 107 seats in the German Reichstag. In the presidential election held on March 1, 1, Hitler got thirty percent of the votes, while Hindenburg got forty nine percent. Hitler became chancellor of Germany on January 0, 1. His goal was to end democracy and establish dictatorship, and when President Paul von Hindenburg in August 14, Hitler became the unchallenged dictator of Germany. Political enemies were arrested by the thousands, locked up and tortured. Hitler took over Austria and Czechoslovakia in 18-1 and built up the German military power to the point where it was ready to risk war. World War Two finally broke out in 1 when Hitler invaded Poland. Hitler led many German victories. His greatest military undertaking of all was the invasion of the Soviet Union, which failed. Hitler refused to retreat, which caused him to lose the already conquered countries. Adolf Hitler committed suicide on April , 145, when Russian troops were already fighting in the destroyed streets of Berlin. His lifetime struggle to dominate Germany and the rest of Europe, the murders of millions of Jews, and his goal to get revenge on the victors of World War One would be deeply imprinted in the books of history.

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Responding to Suffering and Trials

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Responding to Suffering and Trials From the most ancient days, man has asked again and again why there is suffering in life. If God is loving and compassionate why is there so much suffering in this world? Probably the most common question that Christians ask is, Why is God making me go through this suffering? I have been good. Why do bad things happen to good people? Klaus Issler outlines some potential outcomes that may result from this suffering. His views that these trials can bring one to know God, that through the suffering character can be formed that is more Christlike and that unity and love are developed among believers, are all valid points for discussion. The book of Job was written in protest against this obviously unjust doctrine, by describing a man who was innocent of any crimes, but who suffered tremendously in mind and body, in spite of the fact that he was not guilty. Despite the book of Job, the view was still widely held in Jesus day that suffering implied guilt. When a blind man was brought in front of Jesus for healing, Peter asked, Who has sinned to cause this to this young man? Is it he (that looks unlikely because he was born blind) or is it the sin of his parents? The implication was that pain and suffering is the end result of someones sins. Jesus disagreed with the notion of the relationship of sin and suffering. All of us are sinners. In the second Beatitude, Jesus said, "Blessed are those who mourn. They will be comforted." Matthew 54. Christianity doesnt claim that bad things wont happen to us. We are never told in the Old or New Testament that if we live a good life well never have any sickness or tragedy. There has not been a satisfactory answer to the question of "Why Me"? However the beatitudes give us a clue of what Jesus thinking is on this topic. Man suffers because there is no other way to mature and to grow. Only through suffering can he become more aware. And awareness is the key. I look at my own life as an example. In my life as a new Christian whenever I was comfortable, at ease, happy, awareness is lost. Whenever there was no suffering, religion disappeared from my life. I didnt pray to God, because why? There seemed to be no reason for it. If others are like me then whenever there is suffering you move towards the church, your eyes move towards God, your heart moves towards prayer. There is something hidden in suffering which makes you more aware who you are, why you are here, where you are going. In a moment of suffering your awareness is intense. I have a friend whose son, daughter-in-law and granddaughter were in a car driving to Disneyland on a vacation from Colorado. They were hit by a drunk driver going the wrong way on the wrong side of the freeway. The daughter-in-law and the year old baby were killed instantly. The son survived and had over a year of physical recovery. The tragedy was devastating to everyone who knew them and especially the grandparents who loved this first grandchild so much. An opportunity arose for me to invite them to see a Drama I was in at church (Heaven's gates and Hells Flames) nearly one year later. It led them to make a decision for Christ because they could identify with one of the vignettes that was about the same tragedy they had experienced. To this day their whole family has now become Christians (Husband, Wife, both sons and their new wives and children).

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Jesus did not come to make a way out, but a way through. He came not to make life easy, but to make people great. The Son of God suffered unto the death, not that we might not suffer, but that our suffering might be like his. In addition to the Issler's comments on suffering, I also believe that there are scriptural references showing us Gods purposes in allowing suffering and trials. This suffering can develop humility, teach us the value of submission to God, teach us obedience to Gods word, help us to learn patient endurance, help to develop character, produce hope, teach us to depend on the resources Jesus supplies, allow us to experience Gods enabling grace, teach us what a privilege it is to share in Christs sufferings, grow in holiness, develop a strong faith and learn the truth that if we have God we have all that is necessary for full maturity to be all that God wants us to be. These passages deal exclusively with Gods purposes in allowing his own people to experience suffering. The Bible also gives many examples of God permitting suffering in the lives of those who are in rebellion against him, so that they will turn to him. It was the suffering of the Prodigal Son in the pig-pen that caused him to return to his waiting father. Many, many people have come to faith in Christ as the result of some personal suffering or tragedy. In some instances they would not have found that faith otherwise. The Bible declares that exclusion from Gods presence, and the consequent loss of everything good, is the ultimate end for those who choose to reject God. If this is so, then permitting us to suffer may be the kindest thing that God could do. Sadly, we may refuse to listen to his voice and become hardened or bitter. One who has experienced suffering has a feeling toward the suffering of others that he never had before. He may have before shown concern, and even sympathy, toward those fallen into adverse circumstances. But once he has suffered, his feelings turn into compassion. He personally knows what his fellow human being is enduring, and his heart goes out to him. That is why Christians, as members of the same body, should have deep feelings for one another. And whether one member suffer, all the members suffer with it; or one member be honored, all the members rejoice with it (I Corinthians 16). An example of this is from my husband, Issa. He was raised in a devout Coptic (Christian) family among Muslims in Egypt. When he was in Medical College the professors would grade him lower, demean him and make him and all other Christians feel inferior to the Muslims. They don't want any Christians to be leaders or better than the Muslim students. Fanatical Muslims were very cruel and harsh. They never physically harmed him and he believes that was God's will. As in any Muslim country the Muslims do not want any Christians to be successful. This made Issa stronger and proud to suffer for Christ. He was more confident and bolder because of this. Many Muslims ended up loving him and respecting him because of his faith. When he finished college he had great favor with the medical board and they allowed him to have his own clinic (which was very rare for Christians). He ended up having over 85% of his patients were Muslim. They loved him very much and in fact are still missing him. He considers several of these people his closest friends. What a great witness to them of Christian love. After we have suffered, we have a deeper feeling of compassion toward Jesus. Just think what an awful death he died on the cross of Calvary that we might be saved from our sins and their consequence! We are made to love him even more. It is good that through suffering we can come to have more compassion for our fellow human beings. This is God's will. God may not remove our suffering, but he can transform it into something that will bring benefit to us and glory to him - if that is what we desire, and if we will trust him to do so.

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The Beggars Opera

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THE BEGGAR'S OPERAMacheath, Peachum, and Lockit, these are just some of the players in the 178 ballad opera called The Beggar's Opera. The Beggar's Opera was the first real English ballad opera and, by almost any measure, the most popular English theater work of the eighteenth century. Of course you can't read about the Beggar's opera, without reading about the man who created such a brilliant satire. On September 16, 1685, during the reign of Charles II, a man by the name of John Gay was born. Although an orphan until the age of ten, his kind uncle raised and schooled Gay throughout his life. As he became older, Gay became a mercer, which he disliked very much. In 171, Gay became the secretary to the Duchess of Monmouth. Immediately after losing a small fortune in the South Sea, Gay was appointed Lottery Commissioner, a job he held for the rest of his life. Gay never married, and divided his time among his friends, especially the Duke and Duchess of Queensberry and the members of the Scriblerians, including Swift and Pope. In 17, Gay returned to London, where he died on December 4 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.After Gay wrote "The Beggar's Opera", he made a substantial amount of money by selling the copyright to John Watts on February 6, 178. Watts printed the music on copper plates; without words, in two separate gatherings at the end, and published the text is octavo. The public did not like the way that the music was being published and demanded the music and lyrics together on one sheet. Watts agreed to the urges of the

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public and published another text in a second octavo on April , 178. The text of the second octavo underwent several substantive changes The alteration of a sentence in Act 1 scene 6, the addition of have in the first line of Air 7, the continuous numbering of the Airs throughout the play, the addition of a sentence in Act scene 4, and the change of weary to wary in Air 40. But what was the Beggar's Opera? What did it consist of? And what was it about? The Beggar's Opera is a comic farce or satire, which pokes fun at the fashion in Italian operas, as well as the social and political conditions of the age. It established a new genre, the "ballad opera," which remains the only really notable example, though its popularity led to the work of Sheridan and eventually Gilbert and Sullivan. Gay cuts the standard five acts to three, and tightly controls the dialogue and plot so that there are delightful surprises in each of the forty-five fast-paced scenes. The introduction is amusing dialogue between The Beggar and The Player. The Beggar begins by explaining his opera to the Player; here Gay takes the opportunity through the Beggar to explain himself to the audience, and even apologizes for the informality of the piece. The Beggar "I hope I may be forgiven, that I have not made my opera throughout unnatural, like those in vogue; for I have no Recitative Expecting this, as I have consented to have neither Prologue nor Epilogue, it must be allow'd an opera in all its forms." (Gay ) He uses the player to relate to the audience and reassure them about the "merit" of the Gay himself, the Player "As we live by the Muses, 'tis but gratitude in us to encourage poetical merit wherever we find it. The Muses…pay no distinction to dress, and never partially mistake the pertness of embroidery for wit, nor the modesty of want for dulness. Be author who he will, we push his play as far as it will go." (Gay ). The Beggar and the Player are hurried as Act 1 begins. The Setting is in Peachum's house, where he is going over his accounts, and he rationalizes his own hand in the industry of the trade of stolen goods, with an Air that gives us the theme of the play itself. Titled "An Old Woman Clothed in Gray" Peachum sings "Through all the employments of life, each neighbor abuses his brother; Whore and rogue they call husband and wife; All professions be-rogue one another." (Gay ). He goes on to berate every realm of professional employment and reasons that they all manage to cheat each other. The following scenes introduce us to Filch, a thief whom Peachum employs, Mrs. Peachum and the dilemma that exists about their daughter. It is rumored that their daughter Polly has "taken a fancy" of gang leader and womanizer Captain Macheath and they soon learn through the prying of Filch and the confessions of Polly herself. Polly first enters with her father Peachum trying to convince of the falsehood of the rumors through one of the most famous and popular Airs of the Opera, Air 6 or "What Shall I Do To Show How Much I Love Her." Polly sings "Virgins are like the fair flower in its luster…But, when once plucked, 'tis no longer alluring." (Gay 1). Telling her father she knows how a lady is to handle herself towards Captain Macheath. As the truth is quickly revealed that Polly and Macheath are married, Peachum devises a plan in which Polly will have her husband hung and receive her dowry. The Act ends with Polly retreating to her room where she has Macheath hidden. The final scenes of the opera collapse in on Macheath, as he drinks himself into a song. In a series of ten emotionally moving and melodramatic songs Macheath sings an empty reassurance to himself. He then sings to the tune of green sleeves "Since laws were made for ev'ry degree, to curb vice in others, as well as me, I wonder we han't better company upon Tyburn tree!" Upon concluding the tune enters two men from Macheath's gang who promises to fulfill his last request of seeing Peachum and Lockit to the gallows themselves. Lucy and Polly follow, weeping over the misfortune of their beloved husband, when suddenly four more wives enter, each carrying a baby. Macheath seeing the evidence before him pulls away from his wives saying "Four wives more! This is too much, go tell the sheriffs office I am ready." The Beggar and the Player come out to conclude the Opera. The Player is astonished that the Beggar would have Macheath executed and the Beggar explains "To make the piece perfect I was for doing strict poetical justice. Macheath is to be hanged." The Player responds that this would not be to the taste of the town for the people did not come to see a tragedy. And so The Beggar invites Macheaths reprise in which he confesses his love and marriage to Polly and proclaims a celebration in which everyone dances and the happy moral ending is restored. Obviously John Gay completely reverses the norm of a typical opera while making The Beggar's Opera, but many critics would question the meaning of this ballad opera. Critics of The Beggar's Opera remain surprisingly puzzled on elementary interpretive problems. The key issues, according to critics, are the standards of judgment that are applied to the characters, events, and sentiments of this non-opera. Response to the work must depend heavily on the standards brought to it, since the play itself doesn't present us with explicit values and judgments. Seemingly Gay either assumed that the audience would know what standards to apply, or intended to leave at least some part of his audience puzzled and uneasy. Another question critics ask is if The Beggar's Opera is a satire, what does it attack? Most critics have taken an alternative to the multiplicity of the satiric targets. The satiric objects are politics, Italian opera, literary forms (especially comedy of sentiment, tragedy, and the happy-ending convention in opera), and society's structure and conventions. John Gay and his Beggar's Opera is something to remember. Gay allowed us to make light of the truths of morality. It's easy to see why this work was the most popular work of the eighteenth century.

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The Crusible

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The Crucible Incidents or Comments ᠖ The play itself was symbolic of the anti-Communist "witch-hunt" of the150s.

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᠖ An allusion within The Crucible that closely relates to the 50's "witch-hunt" is the mindless fear that spread especially among the children. A fear that was much like this was the Red Scare.᠖ In the second act Proctor accuses Hale saying, "Pontius Pilate! God will not let you wash your hands of this!". His insult is a direct reference to the Roman governor who presided over the trial and sentencing of Christ. Figures of Speech ᠖ A common figure of speech in The Crucible is one spoken by John Procter and Abigail. During Procter's confession he admits, "I have known her…". To "have known someone" is a term to discreetly say that you have sexual relations with that person.  Characters᠖ John Procter is the tragic hero of the play. Although he doesn't start out heroically. Before the first seen Procter commits Adultery with Abigail Williams, a former servant of his house. This act indirectly causes the witch trials because Abigail refuses to not be with him after he has stopped lusting after her. She decides to attempt murdering Procter's wife, Elisabeth, through witchcraft thus beginning the trials. Procter figures out that he can stop Abigail's accusations of others doing witchcraft but he would have to expose his act of Adultery to the court to do so. First he tries getting Marry Warren, his new house servant, to prove Abigail's falsities but fails at his attempt. The play comes to its climax when he finally gets up his nerve to tell about Abigail. This act sacrifices his pride and high place in society. The downfall was his realization that nothing he did, even confessing truth could stop the tragedy from continuing. Now he was entangled into the blaming process. By speaking up he drew attention to himself which could be considered a mistake to do. He was triad for being a witch and found guilty by the court. Although his ending was fatal and the catastrophic trials weighed on his mind, he does redeem himself before his hanging. When he is given the last chance to change his mind and confess to witchcraft he almost takes the opportunity but believing that his act of integrity in not lying and withholding his reputation from becoming bad would bring him to heaven. In the last hours of his cut short life he and Elizabeth renew their love for each other and the most truthful moments of their relationship are shown.᠖ Giles Corey is an older resident who farms and casually mentions his wife reading books other than the Bible. His mentioning this about his wife is bad for her because reading other books is prohibited in Salem. She then gets accused of being a witch and in an attempt to get her out of the situation he in turn gets accused. Corey is the strange, comical hero for his manner of speech and saving his wife from being hanged. His ending, much like many characters is tragic but he has a more unusual death. He is pressed to death with large stones on top of a board, which he is underneath. ᠖ Tituba was the only black slave mentioned in the play. She was the one who led the girls with Abigail out into the woods to do witch-craft. Shortly after they were all discovered in the woods she was accused and hung first out of anyone. The most prominent influence that caused her hanging was her venerability. Since she was the only black slave she was the lowest man on the totem poll.᠖ Elizabeth Procter was a vertuos but resurved and cold at times woman. Her withdrawing nature contributed to reasons why John Procter felt a stronger lust for someone other than his wife. She is accussed of witchcraft when Abigail Williams pretends like Elizabeth's spirit pushed a needle into her belly. Strangely, the court is more willing to believe an adolesent, power hungry girl than a married, respected member of society. When Elizabeth becomes pregnant her exicution date gets moved to after her baby's due date. So, she is never hanged during the play.᠖ Rebecca Nurse was famous for her wise, upright ways, even to the point where she had been talked of in other towns. Although she becomes a victum when accused by the Putnams, knowing that she is inocent she will not confess. So, she is hanged along with all the others who wouldn't tell the court what they wanted to hear.  Character Change/Growth EssayJohn Hale first came into the seen, relatively early on, he is full of positive energy and assurance. He believed that he could seek out anyone who dared to commit witchcraft. Hale's assurance came from reading extensively about the crime and how to find such things. Reverend Paris asked him to come inspect Paris's daughter, Betty. Hale was excited to work in Salem, where the supposed best court system was located. In the early going he was the strongest influence in the trials, encouraging people to testify. Midway through the play he began figuring out that innocent people were being accused and convicted. This new understanding was shocking to his foundation though he did not turn his face from the knowledge. When he gave his insight to the court the judge wouldn't admit to being wrong because this poor judgement had already sentenced and killed many people; the judge would look like a murderer. Towards the end of the play Hale became more and more desperate as the number of people being hanged lengthened. He tried to make up for his wrong judgement by talking victims into lying to the court through confessions of witchcraft. In this way they would be set free. On the day of Procter's scheduled hanging Hale spoke privately to both John and Elizabeth Procter. Hale urged the idea that surrendering to authority, however blind their beliefs is worth saving life. In the end, Procter found it easier to hang than to lie and risk not being forgiven. Hale's failure to save the innocent and his dramatic insight into the situation had left him in shattered pieces. His misery complete, now he could only hope to help stop similar tragedy from springing, the play does not give hindrance as to where his life turns next. Essay on ThemeThere are many themes inside The Crucible, one of which is about the intolerance of this society and their close-mindedness. The Puritans being a strict, ridged form of Protestantism where the residents of Salem. Salem is the major town among a cluster of towns that were built around the same ideas and values, together they made up a Puritan settlement. Church and state were undivided in this settlement, which helps trace out why the witch trials took place. Theocracy was greatly exhibited through this indistinguishable difference between church and state. This allowed people to be judged as evil or innocent publicly and matters of an individual's soul to be every person's business. There was nothing people could really keep to themselves as a community member. Every activity anyone participated person was an open topic. The witch trials are an excelent expression of overpowering intolerent behavior. The authority figures wouldn't open up their minds once they were comfortable while restricting other community members for venturing even a small step out of the standerd box. These people in charge would point the finger at people who they conflicted with which circled into others taking that example while the powerful people didn't think twice about validity of the accusser. Also, while putting an accussed victum on trial the never took into account the pressure that was inflicted on the person being asked questions. The final desition was usually made through favore or dislike for an individual.

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