Avalanches- maybe an avoidable danger in the mountains

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IntroductionI have chosen the topic " Avalanche" as I am interested in the outdoors and am an enthusiastic skier, who would like to do back country skiing. To do this safely I have to learn about the avalanche danger.The following questions I have chosen and researched Who is affected by avalanches? Help with essay on Avalanches- maybe an avoidable danger in the mountains

What different avalanches do we know?Where and why do avalanches occur? How do you keep safe? and How do you recognise avalanche terrain?I also watched a video produced for the NZ Mountain Safety Council, called Avalanche Awareness! A guide to snow safety in the New Zealand Mountains.As my oral component I interviewed a friend, who was actually involved in an avalanche.General factsAvalanches are one of the great hazards facing winter travellers in the mountains these are mainly skiers, snowboarders, trampers, climbers, people who are using the backcountry for recreation or passing through in cars, buses etc. (eg on the Milford Road). Every year appr 50 people are buried and the majority of the victims trigger the slide themselves. More than half (180) of all buried victims will die if they are not rescued within 0 minutes. Many are killed during or within minutes of the avalanche from suffocation, the severe trauma of being buried alive, by hitting boulders, trees during the slide, or having been crushed by massive blocks of snow. If the victims are still alive the only realistic hope for survival is a fast and organised rescue from the rest of the party. What are the different types of avalanches?There are two types of avalanches, loose snow and slab avalanches. Loose snow avalanches begin from a single point and expand as they move downhill accumulating more snow as it flows down. Slab avalanche starts when a large mass of snow breaks away, leaving an obvious fracture line at the top, the crown wall with the avalanche path ending in the run out zone.Why and when do avalanches occur? For avalanches to happen three factors are required 1. snow . sufficient slope angle. instability within the snow pack Unless all of these conditions exist, there is no risk of an avalanche. Avalanche danger is greatest during and after a storm with new snow, rain or big changes in the temperature. The stability in the snow pack weakens through surface hoar (hoar is the formation of big crystals on the snow surface) through melt- freeze Cycle (snow melts over day, then refreeze over night). When the stress within the snow layers exceeds the strength of the cohesion. The trigger for a collapse of the snow pack can be the added weight of snow, rain, wind, icefall or a person. The greatest danger from avalanches is during or immediately after the storm. "(Tony Daffern, 1).Snow can fall in many different forms, but in general it is usually some variation of the classic six-arm flake. It usually snows in fairly mild temperatures, which helps promote settlement. Snow changes over time through a process called sublimation. Sublimation is the change of a solid directly into a gas without first becoming a liquid. At mild temperatures the water vapour travels from the arms of the crystal to refreeze in the centre. This produces a rounding of the snowflake. These rounds will often begin to form necks and bond to each other. This is sometimes called destructive metamorphosis. This will generally produce a good cohesive layer of snow. The colder the temperature, the longer this process takes. In a cold shallow snow pack, like early season in the Rockies another process is a work changing the crystals. When its cold and the snow pack is thin (a change of 10 degrees Celsius or more per metre of snow) a different form of re-crystallisation occurs. Water vapour recrystallises at the bottom of the snow pack where it is warmest, into sharp angular faceted crystals. The longer and more severe the temperature gradient, the more extensive the faceting. Facets will further recrystallise into striated crystals of depth hoar. Facets and depth hoar tend to be less cohesive and more un-supportive within a snow pack. In short facets tend to weaken the strength of the snow pack from the bottom up.How to keep safe? In my opinion one of the most important facts about keeping safe in backcountry snow is the recognition and observation of avalanche terrain. As Tony Daffern points out "Only by recognising risk can you use your knowledge and experience to reduce that risk to an acceptable level."(Page 11) This allows the skier, climber to either avoid potentially dangerous areas completely or pick a route to minimise the risk by not moving near terrain traps; ie an avalanche could sweep the person over a cliff, into a crevasse or into a gully.Wind direction plays a major role, as it can transport large amounts of snow. Particularly during and after storms, loose snow is taken from the windward slopes and accumulated on the lee slopes, in gullies or corniced ridges. This adds weight to the snow pack and increases the avalanche danger on lee slopes.The snow pack profile (a vertical pit dug into the snow) gives detailed information about the stability of slope and the likelihood of an avalanche. If the surface formed a smooth sun or wind crust, it would indicate that there might be similar layers down in the snow pack and this could cause it to slide. Cracking of the snow is a sure sign, that the snow is unstable and could potentially release a slab avalanche. If the snow gives way under you with a whumpfing sound, as I have personally experienced in the Canadian Rockies. It indicates a hard layer of snow over a soft layer and an extremely unstable situation.If a person decides to travel through terrain traps or avalanche paths, they can minimise the danger by travelling in single file about 0 meters apart or one at a time through questionable slopes.It is recommended practise to remove pole and ski straps before entering the slope, and travel as quickly as safely possible from a safe spot to another safe spot. Someone in the group should be watching each person cross. Should an avalanche occur only one person is exposed, and the rest of the party can begin a rescue. The spotter watches the victim and remembers the last seen point. Before the rescue begins, a look out is established to watch for another avalanche, and the party decides if it is safe enough to proceed with the rescue. If it is safe to continue, everyone then switches his or her avalanche transceiver to receive. One person skis to the last seen point and begins the search, while another assembles the shovel and probe. When the searcher is very close to the buried skier's location, the second rescuer skis down to the site with the probe and shovel to probe and dig out the victim. All of this must occur within a matter of minutes if the victim is to have a good chance of survival. (This is a very simplified search and rescue description). Only with good training, practice, and experience is it safe to travel in avalanche terrain.A friends account of being trapped I found it very interesting and informative to talk to a friend's brother and hear his first hand observations about being in an avalanche in the Craigieburn's. Luckily my friend ended up only half submerged after the standstill of the snow slide. But he said it was very quick and an awful, scary feeling of "drowning", when submerged in the snow. Finding a safe route is easier said than done and " choosing the best route through avalanche country is best gained in the company of others, who have greater experience, and a kinder heart. "(Buck Stilton 1 page 6).Observation of the terrain you intend to travel into can tell you about the snow condition, like evidence of recent avalanches in the area. This is one of the most important signs of snow instability. Storms Recent precipitation and changes in temperature are equally crucial.Stability TestsA snow stability test is one of the most reliable tests that can be done, to give you a good idea about the avalanche danger on a slope. The test should be dug in a safe area that represents the aspect and angle of the slope in question. Snow in the area should not be disturbed, or have any rocks, or vegetation interfering with the profile. The names of different tests are compression test, shovel-shear test, rutschblock test and the loaded column test. The intention with all these tests is to locate and identify the weak bonding of layers of snow and ice within the snow pack. An easy method of collecting information about the snow pack is to dig a snow profile. Snow temperatures and crystal forms in the different snow layers will give vital information, to determine and identify the cohesion in the of the total snow pack.The pit for the profile should be dug to the bottom of the snow pack or at least metres deep, with the front wall 1/ metre wide. The front wall is in the shade, cut vertical and brushed with a glove or mitten to help define the various layers. A plastic card run vertically through the profile will help to gauge the hardness of each layer. Fist, finger or pen is used to probe the hardness too. The 'Shovel Shear Test' is used to identify potentially weak layers and their location in the snow pack. Cut an Isolate column up to 1.5 metres deep in undisturbed snow by 0.5 metres across. Remove soft and very soft snow from the top of the column (fist and four-finger snow). Cut the back of the column with a snow saw, but do not cut deeper than 0.7 metres from the top of the column. Insert the shovel at the back of the column, and with both hands pull the shovel towards you in an even, increasingly stronger pull. If the column breaks in a clean smooth manner, record the height of the failure, force required, and observe the crystals at that site. If the column fails to break, or produces an uneven shear, level the column above the height of the 0.7 metre back cut, saw to 0.7 metres from the new top and repeat. All these techniques and many more helpful tips and hints were described in the video and I enjoyed actually seeing these procedures, rather than just reading about them.You can improve your safety by having the right equipment and knowing how to use it like a transceiver, snow probe, shovel and first aid kit, as well as knowing the weather forecast and the current level of avalanche danger. Conclusion Avalanches may not be unavoidable, but your ability to survive an avalanche, if you should be so unlucky to be involved, is greatly improved by having the right equipment, the right company and by coming prepared into this potentially dangerous environment. As I pointed out before there is a lot of information to be gathered for the interested person. This includes survival facts of victims and why and when avalanches occur. Simple rules can be observed and put into practice, such as the danger being greatest after storms. Fascinating, scientific facts can be gained from studying snow, ice and crystals. Avalanche terrain also can be studied and recognised as unsuitable for skiing or traversing. Again many common practices could potentially help save lives and they include such common sense ideas as removing pole and ski straps before entering a slope or one person only to cross at a time and the others watching. To have the right equipment is vital for survival and of course one needs practice and experience to use it. Stability tests have been described as well as finding the right route and being super observant about weather and avalanche forecast. Reference to study materialBooks Erick, B. (18) The New Zealand Weather book. Nelson Craig Potton. Tilton, B. (1) The Basic Essentials of Avalanche Safety. U.S.A ICS Books, Inc. Daffen, T. (1) Avalanche Safety for Skiers & Climbers. Canada, Rocky Mountain Books. InternetAvalanchehttp//www.avalanche.org/Avalanchehttp//www.discoverjasper.com/rmhiking/avalnch.htm Eight Steps to Reducing Your Avalanche Risk http//www.cmc.org/cmc/eightstp.htmlAvalanche Awarenesshttp//www.avalanche.org/~lsafc/TUTORIAL/TUTORIAL.HTM Avalanche safetyhttp//classic.mountainzone.com/features/avalanche/VideoAvalanche Awareness! A Guide to snow safety in the Mountains Produced for NZ Mountain Safety Council (00).

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My work

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Bill Gates is the Antichrist Ever since Microsoft was founded, Bill Gates has gained power over the people of the world by winning a monopoly in the computer-software industry. From the assistance Microsoft gave in the development of the personal computer, to the virtual monopoly that Windows 5 now has on most computers all over the world; Microsoft has controlled a major portion of the computer industry. In his repeated conquests over his competitors, Gates has left an increasingly obvious amount of evidence that proves that he is the fourth and final antichrist. Most of this evidence comes from Gates computer products and is referred to in Revelations. This evidence may have been left on purpose, or was a careless mistake by the founder of Microsoft. Like the other men who have been considered antichrists, Gates has attempted to rule the world. The only difference between Gates and his predecessors is that he is trying to rule the world through computers, not through military force. ASCII(American Standard Code for Information Interchange) code is a system of keeping track of letters, numbers and characters on a computer. When Bill Gates and IBM decided to use ASCII code in the IBM Personal Computer, many people didnt know what computers were, or care what ASCII code was. Many people who did know what ASCII code was didnt think that Bill Gates was evil. Today, now that more people use computers regularly, Bill Gates evil secrets have been revealed to the public through the Internet and anti-Microsoft activists. Here is wisdom. Let him who has understanding calculate the number of the beast, for it is the number of a man His number is 666. (Revelation 118) Bill Gates full name is William Henry Gates III. If the ASCII codes of the letters in BILLGATES are added, plus three for the III in his name, then the sum is 666 (antichrist.txt). B I L L G A T E S 66 7 76 76 71 65 84 6 8 = 666 Let him who has understanding calculate the number of the beast refers to computer programmers and others who have knowledge in computers. Gates most likely did not expect for the people in his industry to divulge his secret identity to the public, but an increasing number of computer users have found and advertised the truth about him. Most computers sold today come with Windows .1 or Windows 5. Many people dont buy computer software unless it is designed specifically for Windows. If a company decides to make a program for an operating system other than Windows, then they will probably not sell as many copies of their software than if they had made a Windows version. Most companies want to make a large profit, so they are going to make Windows compatible software. He causes all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and slave, to receive a mark on their right hand or on their foreheads. And that no one may buy or sell except one who has the mark or name of the beast, or the number of his name. (Revelation 116 and 117) The Microsoft and Windows symbols are the mark or name of the beast, because they effectively prevent the sale of products for other systems. Thus he said The fourth beast shall be A fourth kingdom on Earth, which shall be different from all other kingdoms, And shall devour the whole Earth, Trample it and break it in pieces. Gates Microsoft is the fourth beast, with its significant power of money. Microsoft has devoured the Earth by gaining a monopoly on the software industry, so that it could Trample it and break it to pieces if it felt the desire. Bill Gates can raise the prices of his software at any time because there is very little competition to prevent this. In the past few years, Microsoft has bought many smaller companies who produced products which they wanted. Gates probably didnt want to spend the money to develop competing products, so he bought the competing companies and sold their products under the Microsoft label. Thou shalt not covet thy neighbors house, thou shalt not covet thy neighbors wife, nor his manservant, nor his maidservant, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor anything that is thy neighbors. (10thCommandment) He broke the Tenth Commandment by coveting his neighbors, or competing companies, products. Microsofts purchases were also foretold in Revelation 1.4. And his tail drew the third part of the stars of heaven, and did cast them to the earth and the dragon stood before the woman which was ready too delivered, for to devour her child as soon as it was born. Microsoft has devoured its smaller competitors so that they could not harm Microsofts profits and its rule over the computer industry. Another reference to Microsoft as the red dragon was in Revelation 1.. And there appeared another wonder in heaven; and behold a great red dragon, having seven heads and ten dorns, and seven crowns upon his heads. These heads were Microsofts various products Word, Excel, Internet Explorer, Publisher, Windows 5, DOS, and Encarta. These products are Microsofts main arsenal against the rest of the software industry, just as the dragons heads are its weapons. Microsoft Word has taken away many buyers for Corels WordPerfect. Windows 5 has prevented other operating systems, such as IBMs OS/ and Suns Solaris, from becoming popular among many home-computer users. Excel has defeated Lotus spreadsheet, Lotus 1--. Most of these Microsoft products come pre-packaged on computers, so consumers most likely wont feel compelled to buy their competitors products. These competing products are similar, and sometimes superior to, Microsofts products. In Revelation 1., the dragon is referred to specifically as the Devil. And the great dragon was cast out (from heaven), that old serpent, called the Devil, and Satan, which deceiveth the whole world... Bill Gates is deceiving the world with his products by including them with all new computers. These free products imply to the consumer that Microsoft products are superior to other products, when the only major benefit that the consumer gets is a free product. The prophecies in Revelations foretold the coming of Bill Gates and his evil empire named Microsoft. His demonic number 666, which was encoded inside the programs that he wrote, and his aggressive actions were also foretold in Revelations. His corporate takeovers were excellent examples of his coveting what he didnt have plus his intentions to stifle any new competition. There are too many similar references in the Bible for this to be a coincidence. Bill Gates is the fourth and final antichrist.

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FAS

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FILTHY NHS hospitals kill 5,000 patients a year, a shock report claims. They die from infections contracted during treatment for other conditions. But as patient care plummets, the report says billions of pounds are spent hiring increasing numbers of penpushers. The report by the respected Centre For Policy Studies says the number of managers hired under Tony Blair since 17 has soared by 50 per cent but there are only eight per cent more qualified nurses.

They are employed to ensure Government ministers' targets are met and a new one must be hired for each new target. The thinktank report warns there are now 70,000 penpushers running the NHS compared with 185,000 beds. But it says the most alarming example of management failure within the NHS is Hospital Acquired Infection. The term for secondary illnesses picked up in hospital affects 00,000 patients a year and kills 5,000 of them. Such infections also contribute to the deaths of another 15,000. Failed reform ... Tony Blair HAIs costs the NHS £1billion a year and take up .6 million bed days annually. Only one in 0 doctors and nurses wash their hands between touching patients who are 15 times more likely to catch an HAI in Britain than in Sweden or Holland. Professor Hugh Pennington, an infection control expert, said "I have investigated slaughterhouses cleaner than some hospitals." The report documents a retired GP whose wife died of an HAI reporting how he spotted old sticking plasters, disposable syringes, dead flowers and sweet wrappers under her bed. A former consultant in Glasgow reported soiled toilet paper and a blood-stained theatre gown in a loo. At another hopsital, a consultant revealed surgeons shoes were caked in old blood. Cleaning firms refused to change the water in their buckets unless it was stipulated in their contract. Medical staff have no direct control over them. The dossier says "The Government has created the bizarre situation where hospitals take on managers to evaluate a service that is deteriorating because of their appointment." It adds "Political correctness, the power of the unions and centrally set targets all take precedence over the well-being of patients. "Their care is almost incidental."

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From Conception to Consumption

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Most people are completely ambivalent about meat. They like to eat meat, yet they do not like to know exactly how the food found its way to the dinner plate. Lovenheim's "Portrait of a Burger as a Young Calf" portrays Loveinheim as both a narrator and moral actor as he follows the lives of two beef calves on a dairy farm and experiences what exactly happens from birth to death. Americans have a strong disconnect about where food comes from and make critical judgments about farming, but in actuality, the farming industry is necessary because it feeds the entire nation. Many situations in the book stood out and left an impact on how food is actually prepared before being sent to the supermarket and what exactly we are eating. Promotional toys sold at fast food chains, the treatment of calves once they are born, and raising calves for the sole purpose of food are significant perspectives in the book that left lingering thoughts and perplexed ideas about the whole cattle industry. Fast food chains are often selling cute little animal toys to go along with a kid's meal. Being naïve about the correlation between animal toys and burgers at a fast food chain, children and many adults never think twice about the irony of the whole situation. The truth is however, that what the world sees as a hamburger rarely crosses our minds as a cute furry animal. On a trip with his family, Lovenheim waits in line with his daughter to buy a beanie toy that comes with the Happy Meal. Surprised, he saw that a bright red bull named "Snort" and a black and white cow named "Daisy" were two of the options for the beanies. This situation reveals much about how Americans think about food. Loveinheim states "It seemed to me the McDonald's-Beanie Baby promotion revealed a deep disconnect between what we eat and where it comes from" (xii). People on average, do not tend to think about how their food gets from "point a" to "point b" as is clearly illustrated by McDonald's offering cute animal toys to children with the actual dead animal on the side. People may be so naïve because they find it best not to admit and acknowledge the truth. Many people know that a burger comes from a cow, poultry comes from a chicken, and bacon comes from a pig, but it's the actual idea of killing the animal and preparing it to look like the food in restaurants and our dinner tables they we usually leave out of our minds.

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Loving all kinds of meat, as well as all kinds of animals, I believe I fit very well into the category of "trying" to be naïve about the real facts of meat and where it comes from. When I was a kid, I even had a stuffed pig that I would bring everywhere, probably even to food chains like McDonalds or Burger King. I never thought twice about where my food came from, and to this day, I still really do not. It's almost like the "American way" to not ask questions and just eat what you get. If I lived on a farm like Lovenheim did and experienced what he experienced, my thoughts and opinions would change about where meat comes from. Being around animals all day and then realizing what they are there to do would make me feel too nauseous and guilty about eating meat. Until then, I find it best not to think about it and let the farmers do the raising. Another idea in the novel that was a bit perplexing was how farmers treat the calves once they are born. What was most disturbing was the segregation by sex of newborns and the denial to males of colostrums. The essence of the mothers milk helps infant animals build strength and immunity. Sadly, male cows are quickly removed from their mother once they are born like the calf from mother cow #160. The calf was quickly taken away from its mother after a short 40 minute time with her and #160 was left pacing back and forth wondering what happened to its child. This situation was completely heartbreaking and also confusing as the calf only stayed with its mother for less than an hour. But learning the ways on a dairy farm, the brutal truth is that, for human purposes, the males dont need colostrums because they dont produce milk, and their only value is to be turned into hamburger or some other kind of meat. The males therefore, often end up sick throughout the book, because they did not receive appropriate nutrients when they were young. Of course the calves would need to be taken away from their mother at some time, but I never realized how "quick" and insensitive the process seems to be. The hard fact to realize is that the cows on the farm are treated like money and not like a family friend. Things are done a certain way in order for work to be efficient. The farming industry is a business devoted to distributing meat and other animal products. Cows therefore, are losing part of their natural life cycle with their mother in order to become what we buy in the stores. A final thought about Lovenheim's book was simply the fact that farmers were raising cows just so they could kill them in several months. To me, this seems to be really inhumane. The farmers get to know the cow, spend time with it, and then kill it after a specific time period. After reading the book, I still thought this action was pretty cruel, but realized that the workers on the farm do it for a living and have probably adjusted to the killings of the animals they have taken care of for months. As Marshall states, "I grew up on a farm loving cows. I still love cows to this day; I just have to make a living out of it" (46). It's their job to raise the cattle, and then be able to have it killed, so they must be really devoted to their job. Not many people are involved in the farming industry so it's a good thing at least some are. Loveinheim's book did a great job at portraying life on a dairy farm and what cows go through from the time they are born till the time they die. There is indeed a great disconnect between what we eat and our knowledge of where it comes from. Most Americans tend to stay clear of knowing where their food comes from and let the farmers do all the "dirty" work. The farming industry is very hard working and makes up very little of the population, yet supplies the entire world with the food on their tables.

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Animal Shelters

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Established in 16 to help solve the problem of abandoned animals, we have become the largest and most successful no-kill animal shelter in North Carolina. Last year we found loving homes for approx. 000 abandoned pets and provided spay/neuter services for approximately 000. We currently house approx. 700 animals. Our cooperative agreements with animal control and humane organizations across the state have reduced the euthanasia rates in some counties by as much as 50%, thus saving taxpayers money and saving animals lives. Last year we saved approximately 800 lives that were slated for euthanasia. We are the only shelter that specializes in rescuing these forgotten pets. We also receive animals being abandoned by their owners. Many we find left at our gates, some tied to the trees. We received over 800 anonymous animal donations this way last year. Please, give generously - volunteer - donate - adopt - foster. We at The Haven every day must meet the challenge of providing for 700 resident animals as well as doing our best to respond to approx. 50 calls per day from people seeking to surrender an animal. Last year we provided direct care for over 000 animals, most of them are now adopted. Please make sure that the Haven has the resources to stop the abandonment and convenience killing of our communities' homeless animals. These homeless animals challenge us every day; will we notice them? Will we help them? Will we be there for them tomorrow?Buy cheap Animal Shelters term paper

A visit to an animal shelter will prove that acting on impulse or appearance is NOT the way to welcome a pet into your home. The 8 to 1 million homeless cats and dogs that arrive in shelter each year (Cumberland County puts 800-1000 animals to sleep EVERY SINGLE MONTH!!) 5% of the homeless animals are purebreds. You stroll past kennels filled with hopeful animals, young and old, purebred and mixed breed, and must choose just one pet wholl depend on you the rest of its life. Theyve already seen bad luck. They are all intensely appealing. But PLEASE do your homework before deciding.

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Discuss the relationship between text, author and reality using any two of the theories.

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In the simplest terms, one can define feminism as the advocacy of women for equal rights with men. Although it is a process that is mostly political, it has been noted that this movement had its roots long before the twentieth century, when it gathered political momentum. Indeed, it was first felt in the literary world with writers like Mary Wollstonecraft (175-177), who presented a rather new perspective to the life of women. Like other feminists, she understood and complained about all the ways that men used to exclude women. However, for her, feminism was mostly about women, and about how they should be educated to fulfill their aspirations and potentials. To her, the male and female roles were complementary rather than synonymous, and, this, in turn, made her believe firmly that the male-female relationship could be and should be improved upon. It is believed that Mary Wollstonecraft was one of the first feminists. When her famous 'The Rights of Woman' was first published, Jane Austen (1775-1817), must have been in her formative years. Since we know that she was not restricted in her access to knowledge, it is quite natural for her to have been influenced by W. Mary's writings and views. However, while W. Mary and Jane shared the same ideas, the difference in their social circumstances and their own family influence made them react to them following different attitudes. The latter advocated that the status-quo remain the same specially in the genteel world she lived in and depicted so well in her novels and that the women should be allowed to have a better access to education to improve their chances in life. The former, on the other hand, backed the idea that the women needed to fight for their own rights by themselves, for the men were little likely to help them. W. Mary understood that some women are, indeed, victims; however, she also recognized that many other women gain complete control through manipulation, pestering, or with the aid of other artful female ways. Jane Austen understood this as well and illustrated that kind of woman in the characters of Mrs. Bennet, Charlotte Lucas in 'Pride and Prejudice'. In Jane Austen's novels, namely 'Pride and Prejudice' and 'Sense and Sensibility' we find that the woman is looked at from another woman's point of view, and not from that of a man, like in Daniel Defoe's (1660-171) 'Moll Flanders' . Here, the very fact that Jane Austen has chosen a female bildungsroman is indicative of a wish to give a voice to women. She does not try to prove that women are superior or inferior to men. What she drives at, is that both sexes are prone to have elements that are faulty. Mr. Collins is as laughed at as Mrs. Bennet, for his pompous and servile attitude. Thus, as for existentialist feminists, for her, the difference between the two is only biological and that difference should not hold any of the two back from flourishing intellectually, or socially.The female characters she presents to us are very interesting. Some are caricatures, like Mrs. Bennet or Lady de Bourgh or even Miss. Bingley. Through her wit and humor, Jane Austen makes us laugh at these women who very readily embody the characteristics that the male dominating society associates with women. Through them, we are reminded of the limited space women have to evolve in. A space that is mostly physical, like the parental house the women leave only to go to their friends' and relatives, or for shopping, or to balls. Furthermore, they cannot go anywhere alone, and when Lizzy does so, she is condemned by members of her own sex, who, in this act, see"an abominable sort of conceited independence, a most country town difference to decorum."(8)

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It is to be noted that the decorum these ladies are so much in favor of, is one that has been imposed by a chauvinist society, one that has been devised to control women. Thus, in this novel, we see that women are better jailers of the members of their sex than men The space that is prohibited to women is not only physical, but intellectual as well. This can clearly be seen in Mr. Bennet's attitude"In his library he had been always sure of leisure and tranquility; and though prepared, as he told Elizabeth, to meet with folly and conceit in every other room in the house, he was used to be free from them there;"(115)It is only the favorite ones Lizzy and Jane who have access to this haven of knowledge in a most suitable way. The two extremes of the influence of education, transcribed in their reading habit, can be seen in the case of Mary and Lydia. The former is mockingly qualified by her father as " a young lady of deep reflection…and read great books, and make extracts."(55)As for Lydia, she only reads popular love stories and is so much influenced by them that she turns out to be so frivolous that she " could talk of nothing but officers;" and finally elopes with one of them. The woman therefore has few means to escape from the limitations laid on her. We see that Mrs. Bennet and Mrs. Phillipes indulge in gossiping. For them, knowledge of what is going on elsewhere gives them the feeling of actually being there. Lydia and Kitty read about fictitious heroes and heroines. It is only in this imaginary world that they can live the way they want to. Their frivolous attitude, can in fact, be seen as a means of surrendering. They can not fight the men and the patriarchal rules, so they live by the same rules and try to be as popular as possible among the controllers, the men. The feeling of "otherness" that they have to live with, is in fact socially construed. This forms part of the existentialist feminism. This theory has evolved around the fact that the women are different from the men biologically, but then, that the men have used this difference to further alienate the women and make them feel inferior.This fact is further enhanced in the novel through the "entailment" process in the Bennet family. The female lineage of the family at that time was seen as too weak to be able to look after themselves, let alone an estate. In this society, a spinster, a widow or any other woman who is bereft of male support is not to be tolerated. In 'Sense and Sensibility', however, Mrs. Dashwood is left at the care of her step-son, but the latter is at liberty to choose the way or extent he wants to support her and his step-sister. The woman therefore has to accept male rule and in some cases charity to be able to survive. It is therefore not surprising to find the girls hunting for financially secure, if not rich husbands. In Daniel Defoe's "Moll Flanders", this hunt has been exaggerated to the extent of being compared to legalized prostitution. But in Jane Austen's novels, this same attitude is highly appreciated by the society in general, and the young Janes, Lizzys, Charlottes, Mariannes and Elinors are compelled to consider such attributes more heavily against their own personal preference. "it was the only honourable provision for well-educated young women of small-fortune"(16)Happiness in marriage, is truly a matter of chance for these young ladies, Charlotte tells us.Mrs. Bennet is one, who typithises such a behavior. She refuses to talk to Lizzy on the latter's refusal to marry Mr. Collins"…or I will never see her again."(15)she literally throws Jane in Mr. Bingley's arms"We may as well leave them by themselves you know;"(50)the fortune of Mr. Darcy suddenly makes him the most handsome, most suitable son-in-law."how rich and how great you will be!…pray apologise for my having disliked him so much before."(86)Charlotte is successful in the mercenary transaction the society prones"marriage had always been her object;""I ask only a comfortable home;"However, we also find another attitude in the higher society, the de Bourgh's family. Here we find that she does not have to depend on anyone despite being a widow herself, and that her daughter is to inherit her estate afterwards. Hence we are reminded of the Marxist attitude towards feminism. For them, the consideration of social class and income are more important determinants of the quality of life and status than the difference between gender. This fact is further accentuated by the attitude of Mr. Wickham and Colonel Fitzwilliam, and Mr. Willoughby, who indulge in the pursuit of a wealthy woman to marry to assure their own financial security."…and there are not many in my rank of life who can afford to marry without some attention to money."(16)Thus, money has become the power that controls everything in this society. It gives status and importance to those who possess it. Very few people still consider high birth as an factor. The 'nouveaux riches' or tradesmen like Mr. Lucas are being introduced to St. James court because of his newly acquired wealth.What we see in most of the characters in this novel is their readiness to adopt the rules laid down by the patriarchal society. The women think themselves fragile, just as the men think of them. This is very well demonstrated in Mrs. Bennet. The latter "fancied herself nervous"quite often, that is, every time she is contradicted. Although, here we might say she is trying to assert herself by showing her opposition, the weapon she chooses, however, is not the appropriate one. For, after all, hysteria is a condition that only delicate and unstable people, that is, women face in a male dominated society; and her nervous conditions only amuse the one to whom she shows her revolt, her husband. "Frailty thy name is woman", Hamlet's word come to our mind very readily on thinking of Mrs. Bennet.However, in the person of Lizzy, we are also made aware of another possibility. She clearly distinguishes herself from the other female characters of the novel, even her sister, Jane, by her own full fledged personality. Through Lizzy, we are shown the hope for the woman race in general. Thanks to her, we learn that all females are not as empty headed as Lydia, as foolish as Mrs. Bennet, or as compliant to male authority as Jane. Lizzy is the one who has her own opinions, who asserts herself wherever she goes. She trudges on the thin border of reason and radicalism. Mariane, to some extent, more specifically, in the later part of the novel, can be compared to her.In the male dominated society, the 'phallus' that is seen by so many as the symbol for power, is replaced by money. Here, it is THE one who has more of it, who controls the reign. Charlotte tries to get this phallus by marrying Mr. Collins. Lady de Bourgh, is wealthy, but then, she quite vividly comes to our mind as a woman with very manly characteristics. It has been noted that underprivileged members of a society try to acquire more power by trying to take over the main weapon of domination. We find the same here. The women try by hook or by crook, to secure rich husbands to be able to get the security money bestows on its owner. Lizzy also shares the same notions, as we see when she speculates on how Mr. Darcy and herself are suited for each other"…from his judgement, information, and knowledge of the world, she must have received benefit of greater importance."Even if it is not the actual wealth that she covets like the others, she does reckon the power and other advantages she can acquire through her marriage with Mr. Darcy. However, she is neither blinded by the quest for wealth- or she would have married Mr. Collins- nor is she blinded by the foolish notion ultra-romantic love or she would have encouraged Mr. Wickham whom she first saw as the best man she ever knew.Thus, we can say that in Jane Austen's 'Pride and Prejudice' and 'Sense and Sensibility', feminism is very important in the sense that it highlights the conditions of life of the women. In her novel, we are shown the fight for power between the women and the mechanisms used by the male oppressors through society to exert their control over the women. We are also made aware of the fact that it is not gender equality that they should be fighting for, but rather, that they should make a place of their own in the society. This stage can only be achieved through intellectual enlightenment of the women as a whole and their rejection of stereotypical categorizing of women.

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Franklin Roosevelt's First Fireside Chat

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The Great Depression that began in 1 in the United States of America proved to be a test of everything America stood for. The fears and doubts Americans had towards the US banks caused everything to crumble. Obviously, many things contributed to the fall of the economy, and many things transpired to make the depression last as long as it did, but the lack of trust by the American people in established banks and other monetary institutions was the major catalyst. This lack of trust is what Franklin Delano Roosevelt addressed in his first Fireside Chat as president. When Franklin Roosevelt took his oath of office, America had already been four years into the depression. Roosevelt had a big task before him, the task of restoring American trust in established banks and other institutions as well as restoring trust in the government. The American people trusted the banks October 1, 1, but after this dreadful day, the citizens of the United States figured that their money was safer sitting under their mattress at home. This fear caused thousands of people to go to the bank and try to withdraw their money. The problem was, banks didn't have enough liquid cash on hand to fulfill these withdrawal requests. So instead of giving the people their money they had to tell them that they didn't have any money. This obviously scared the people and the whole thing just snowballed into the Great Depression. This is the background information one needs to know in order to read Roosevelt's first Fireside Chat. In this Chat he states in the first sentence, "I want to talk for a few minutes with the people of the United States about banking." Basically, in the opening of the speech he made it very clear that he wanted to let everyone know what had happened, what the current status was, and where things were going in the very near future. "I want to tell you what has been done in the last few days, and why it was done, and what the next steps are going to be." This basically lets the people know that they will know and understand everything that they need to know, and allows them to place their trust in the person who told them. Very soon after this Roosevelt explained why there was not money in the banks when people went to withdraw. He was making sure that everyone was on an equal ground of understanding, that they knew about how and why the banks invest the money. Next Roosevelt explained that the reason he issued the proclamation that provide for the current national bank holiday was because a week earlier, barely a single bank was open for business. Roosevelt declared that this was "the first step in the government's reconstruction of our financial and economic fabric." Of course, this speech was not the only thing Roosevelt was doing in order to get the country out of depression. This was just the beginning of what he called the "New Deal" or basically just a whole new attitude taken by the government. He knew that the only thing that would help the United States during this time was a total change in the interaction between the government and the people.

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He came right out and said this in his inaugural speech stating that "this is pre-eminently the time to speak the truth, the whole truth, frankly and boldly . . . the only thing we have to fear is fear itselfnameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance" (Nardo, 18). These powerful words prepared the American people for the major change of direction that Roosevelt would bring to America. This change can be seen in his first Fireside Chat and is evident in several different parts. "I do not promise you that every bank will be reopened or that individual losses will not be suffered, but there will be no losses that possibly could be avoided; and there would have been more and greater losses had we continued to drift." This statement accomplishes three things. One, it shows that Roosevelt is not making empty promises. Two, it shows that Roosevelt is willing to tell the truth. And three, it tells the people why this change is necessary now. The American citizens were not stupidthey knew that losses had to happen and they would not trust a president who attempted to ignore these and instead silver coat everything. The last 0 seconds of his Chat are perhaps the most powerful, and rightly so. He basically talks about how nothing he or his administration does will work without the people's confidence and trust. "Confidence and courage are the essentials of success in carrying out our plan. You people must have faith; you must not be stampeded by rumors or guesses. Let us unite in banishing fear. We have provided the machinery to restore our financial system; and it is up to you to support and make it work. It is your problem, my friends, your problem no less than it is mine. Together we cannot fail."Roosevelt knows that there is no way he can expect to earn the confidence and trust of the American people without leveling with them, and identifying with them. So by saying it is the American people's problem no less than it is his, Roosevelt proves that he is one of them and willing to take on the responsibility of the problem. Obviously this one speech can not be credited with bring America out of the Depression but it was the beginning. It set the tone for the way the new government would interact and represent the people. It proved that Roosevelt's inaugural speech was not just empty words and promises of a new president. There's no telling what state the United States would be in today had Roosevelt not led the country on this new path of honesty and trust. It wasn't an easy task to earn the trust of so many people but Roosevelt did it, and the proof lies in the fact that he was re-elected after 4 years. This Fireside Chat was the beginning of a much loved tradition during this time. The American public learned to trust and even love this honest and fearless leader, and because of this, America emerged from a dark and dreary time. Works CitedNardo, Don. The Great Depression. Greenhaven Press, Inc. San Diego, CA. 18. Please note that this sample paper on Franklin Roosevelt's First Fireside Chat is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Franklin Roosevelt's First Fireside Chat, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Franklin Roosevelt's First Fireside Chat will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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