Thursday, September 24, 2020

Electromedicine Modalities - A Simplified Explaination

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G e n e r a l I n f o r m a t i o n A b o u t E l e c t r o m e d i c i n e1. The Changing Face of MedicineElectromedicine offers a viable and effective alternative to drug therapies. Having been used in several countries for decades, there are many inherent advantages to electromedicine. These include the following benefits Non-invasive Easy to administer


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Non-toxic Safe and effective Minimal side effects, easily avoided Reimbursable1.1 What is Electromedicine?Put simply, electromedicine is a discipline within the field of medicine that deals with the use of electricity to aid in the treatment of a variety of physical ailments.A fresh look at physiology is needed to solve the most intractable of all human medical problems. Physiology students in most of the western world are still taught that life is based on a chemical model. Perhaps the reader can remember a high school biology teacher holding up a small bag of powder stating that the bag represents the entire contents of a human body, except for the water. However, if one were to add water to such a bag of powder and completely reconnect all the powder into a human form, the new human would at best be just a solid statue. Obviously, something besides water and chemical compounds is missing from this paradigm. Rather than view life processes on a chemical basis alone, it is more helpful to view them on an electrochemical basis. All atoms are bonded electrically. This is a basic foundation necessary to understand electromedicine that was taught during the most elementary training in the basic sciences. Furthermore, in our rudimentary training, we learned that there are voltage potentials across the membrane of all cells. All standard physiology textbooks define the Nernst and Goldman Equations to determine membrane and action potentials. They do not, however, speculate on the staggering significance of these facts. And this is what the new electromedicine is about.If batteries are placed in series their voltage potentials are combined. A simple remote control unit may use three 1.5 volt batteries to produce the 4.5 volts needed to operate a television. The human body has trillions of cells each having a millivolt potential across their membranes. All good scientists should ask themselves why we find electricity so prevalent in biological systems. 1. How Does Electromedicine Work?In basic terms, the science may be described as follows. Electricity is found naturally in all of us. Certain electrical impulses in our bodies help facilitate bodily functions including actions needed for healing. By mimicking the electrical impulses that occur in us, we can help facilitate a specific effect. Electromedicine is able to trigger these impulses by varying the frequency, wavelength, intensity, and location of the electricity applied to the patient. Understanding how these elements interplay to create a desired effect is the basis for the science.A number of scientists working independently have invented or developed electric devices that can mimic the body's electrical impulses and some of these devices have been effective in reversing many "incurable" viral and bacterial conditions, including Cancer, Herpes, Hepatitis, Lupus, Chronic Fatigue, Gulf War Syndrome (GWS), and HIV-AIDS. Some of these devices achieve their therapeutic effects by neutralising the pathogens causing the disease while others do so by enhancing immune stimulation. Research from MIT & Albert Einstein College of Medicine has also revealed the effectiveness of electric currents on all viruses, even on the AIDS virus. It does this by deactivating their ability to penetrate into cells (and once there, reproduce while hiding out). By keeping them out of the cells and in the bloodstream, the immune system can easily remove them from the body. New developments in electromedical technology now offer physicians fast, safe, effective, and long-lasting treatment options for a wide variety of disorders for patients.1. A Brief History of ElectromedicineElectromedicine, or the use of electricity to treat physical ailments, is considered one of the oldest and most documented sciences known. Medical professionals of ancient Greece learned that the electrical impulses emitted from electric eels in clinical footbaths relieved pain and produced a favourable influence on the blood circulation. In western civilization, the first documented use of electricity to manage pain was by the physician, Scribonius Largus, in 46 A.D. Doctors Largus and his colleague Dioscorides documented substantial therapeutic results with electrical currents in circulatory disorders and in the management of pain from neuralgia, headache and arthritis. Largus claimed that just about everything from head to toe (specifically, headaches to gout) could be cured by standing on a wet beach near an electric eel. Not surprisingly, attempts at producing pharmaceutical preparations from dead eels proved ineffective. The first evidence of a scientific nature to indicate that electricity played any role in living things whatsoever was provided in 171 by Italian physician, surgeon, and professor of anatomy at Bologna, Luigi Galvani who discovered that electrical impulses could cause muscle contraction in the leg of a frog he had dissected. From his numerous experiments, Galvani concluded that the electricity was generated within the animals body, the wires only providing the circuit completion. He called this electricity animal electricity", and postulated that it was the long sought for vital force that gave life to all living organisms.It was also during the 1700s that Benjamin Franklin documented pain relief by using electrical currents for frozen shoulder. By 1800, Carlo Matteucci had shown that injured tissue generates an electric current. The discovery of alternating current by Michael Faraday in 180 also opened the door to the development of man-made devices as sources of electricity. In fact by 110, approximately 50% (over 10,000) physicians in the United States alone used electrotherapeutic modalities in their daily practices. This trend suffered a setback after the publication of the 110 Flexner report which stated that there was no scientific basis for electromedicine (at that time). However, a new body of evidence about the effects of electromagnetic fields on living organisms came to light during the 10s through the work of one Royal Raymond Rife, a microscope engineer who discovered that every micro-organism had a frequency at which it could be charged, and that if you isolated that frequency and sent it more energy than it could handle, it exploded, just like what happens when you overcharge a battery. According to Rife, the basic theory upon which his device worked was the theory of "coordinative resonance" with frequencies which he proved would kill microorganisms "by electron transfer and internal stresses of pathogenic cells owing to electromagnetic and electrostatic forces." Rife's original experiments were with the cancer virus for which he established the mortal frequency at which that virus, which he named BX, exploded. As he reasoned that this effect worked through simple resonance, with the pathogen being shattered by a specific frequency, Rife spent many years discovering the frequencies (MORs) at which numerous other viruses and bacteria could be destroyed and compiled a list of what he called Mortal Oscillatory Rates (MORs) of specific pathogens. Having reproduced this effect with several viruses and bacteria, Rife took up a challenge to treat 16 terminally ill cancer patients who were sent to him from Pasadena Hospital in California. After subjecting them to -minute per day and twice a week exposures to light rays generated from his "Beam Ray Device" - (now called the Rife Frequency Generator) - and tuned to the MORs of the cancer virus, all 16 patients were tested and pronounced completely free of cancer after 0 days of treatment by his Beam Ray". After this astounding success, Rife spent many years discovering and documenting the MORs of numerous other viruses and bacteria extending his frequency list which is now known as the Rife Frequency Table.However, as the saying goes, one man's meat is another man's poison; Rife's major breakthrough sent shock waves through the medical pharmaceutical establishment which relied on cancer drugs for billions of its revenue streams. The breakthrough was viewed not as an advance in medicine, but as a gigantic threat to the pharmaceutical drug industry; as the new technology threatened to make virtually all drug treatments obsolete, it had hit the nerve centre of the industry. It was therefore most unfortunate for the science that some incorrect and unfair reports such as the Frexner Report emerged at this time when Rife and other researchers were making advances in the field of electromedicine. Dr. Flexner's report was originally prepared by the American Medical Association (AMA) and sponsored by the Carnegie Endowment for the Advancement of Teaching. Since the Carnegie family was heavily invested in the young pharmaceutical industry, it is no wonder their report declared allopathic medicine superior. Furthermore, the AMA's entire stock was then owned by the very influential Dr. Morris Fishbein who had made a futile attempt to buy out Rife's inventions, and therefore wanted to ruin him. The overall thesis of these reports, produced by powerful special interest groups, discredited the value of both electromedicine and nutrition in medical practice. With fear of brutal assassination, harassment and condemnation from certain medical institutions, (that were funded by these special interest groups), almost all American physicians abandoned electromedicine and nutrition from their practices. Since then, arguably the greatest development in the field of electromedicine was when Dr. Robert Becker (181) electrically induced limb regeneration in frogs and rats as a model to study bioelectrical forces as a controlling morphogenetic field. Regeneration represents a return to embryonic control systems and cellular activities within a localized area. It can therefore be considered a more accessible and more observable form of morphogenesis. The complexity of instructions required to designate all of the details to recreate a finished extremity is impossible to transmit by previously understood biochemical processes alone. Becker's studies of extraneuronal analog electrical morphogenetic fields have eliminated any rational arguments against the importance of bioelectricity for all life processes, and thus laid the groundwork for the medical professions to start to evolve towards a more reasonable integrated view of biology incorporating our understanding of both biochemistry and biophysics. Dr. Björn Nordenström, M.D. (18), former Chairman of the Nobel Assembly, has also proposed a model of bioelectrical control systems he calls biologically closed electric circuits (BCEC). The principle is analogous to closed circuits in electronic technology. Nordenströms theory is that the mechanical blood circulation system is closely integrated anatomically and physiologically with a bioelectrical system, and the biological circuits are switched on by both normal electrical activity of the organs and pathological changes, such as tumour, injury or infection. Like Becker, Nordenström views bioelectricity as the primary catalyst of the healing process. Nordenström (184, 18) reversed terminal cancer in most of his patients as clinical proof of his theories, and several other researchers are confirming the value of electromedicine for the treatment of cancer (Lyte, 11; Morris, 1; Sersa, 1, & Belehradek, 181). The beneficial effects of electromedicine were also noted in Bordeaux, France by another inventor, self-taught as was Rife, Antoine Prior, whose apparatus combined the use of electromagnetic (EM) radiation with a plasma of helium or noble gases reminiscent of Rifes method used in detecting and devitalizing the BX virus. Prior who had been fascinated by EM wave effects did his own research on exposing plants and animals to EM radiation, and by 15 Prior began treating human patients whose cancers had been judged hopeless. From 166 on, many papers were published on the results of applying the Prior technique to various animals and diseases. The results continued to be revolutionary.Another scientist-ally of Prior's was Pierette Chateau-Reynaud Duprat. Over the years, she worked with the Prior method, showing that the Prior ray had no direct effect on the trypanosomes themselves but stimulated and reinforced the defence mechanism of the infested organisms. [No one knew to investigate the regenerative system of the body, poorly understood and using the very kind of infolded EM extension to NLO that Prior's ray used.] The ray was shown to cause the rejection of both allografts and isografts, so that the machine affected not only the defence mechanisms of the organism but also the recognition system. The original P-1 (Prior 1) machine affected cellular defence mechanisms. The second machine, P-, seemed to act not on the cellular but on the humoral defence mechanisms. Prior himself also cured cases of malaria and also tuberculosis in humans, but apparently did not publish these results.Eventually the French Government backed the construction of a more powerful Prior device the M-600 machine. The machine weighed some 50 tons and required -1/ stories to contain it. The coil which generated the DC-pulsed magnetic field weighed 5.5 tons and had 11 miles of copper wire. During the week or 10 days that the machine was in operation, the results were formidable. The results were presented in notes to the Academy of Sciences by eminent French parasitologist, Professor Raymond Pautrizel and his team on the Faculty of Medicine at Bordeaux in 178. From 165 to 180, the Prior project spent about 0 million francs. Results were positively demonstrated, many of them sensational.Apparently, a change of government in France brought into the arena people who were aligned with Prior's opposition, and the odds suddenly swung against Prior, being subjected to intense suppression and losing all the financial backing that had contributed to the continuation of his work. Prior suffered a debilitating stroke or similar complication in 181 and died in May 18 after a lengthy debilitated period. Admiral Pierre Emeury, conseiller scientifique de la presidence, discovered L'Affaire Prior. His inquest led him to conclude that the Prior discovery was the most important medical discovery of the entire century.The suppression of such a revolutionary discovery, even though its technical methodology was not understood, remains one of the heinous examples of scientific dogma blocking highly innovative research and results. Untold millions of human lives would have been saved had science and government acted along scientific lines. However, despite opposition from the mainstream medical establishment, many scientists have continued to experiment and research on electromedicine, and the resulting weight of the evidence indicates that steady-state or DC currents exist within living organisms where they serve to transmit information at a basic level. This concept has proven to be of considerable value in understanding many of the life functions that are poorly explained when viewed solely within the framework of biochemistry.Apart from the determined resistance of powerful special interest groups, the lack of updated education in health care professionals is the main stumbling block to acceptance of the theory and practice of electromedicine. The other problem is the wide variety of technologies available. At present, there are well over 100 different models of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) devices in the marketplace and an increasing number of other electrical devices. Most health care practitioners who want to utilize such technology have received little or no background training in Electrobiology or electrical technology. Thus, not surprisingly, one of the greatest concerns in modern electromedicine, from a medical professionals perspective, is the lack of clarity regarding the most appropriate treatment protocol when using bioelectric medicine. Since the early 150s there have been a number of discoveries made in the field in respect to currents and application techniques. This growth in the science has presented a problem to many medical professionals - which therapy form is most appropriate for a patients condition. It is out of this concern that we now present in the next section, what we believe to be the most simplified way of categorizing electrotherapy treatment modalities. . Categorization and Description of Electrotherapy ModalitiesYou may wonder if it is feasible to summarize all known electrotherapy forms in a brief manner, as there are a variety of names and physical parameters that make up the field of electrotherapy. It is possible to classify all known electrotherapy forms into a simple, logical system, and it is only through a clear understanding of their differences that one can be an effective practitioner in electromedicine which, if incorrectly applied can result in incomplete or counterproductive procedures being applied to a patient. We believe that it is easier and safer for therapists to categorize Electrotherapy by the types of effects obtained from a given technique, or the application for which a given technique is used. These fall into four main categories. a). Direct pathogen destruction;b). Tissue healing;c). Pain suppression; andd). Muscle dysfunction.In addition, the manner in which these effects are obtained also has its own sub-categorisation which is described in terms of the nature of the electric signal or impulse that is used to produce that effect. The main sub-categories of devices used arei). Rife and Electromagnetic (EM) Frequency Generatorsii). Constant current stimulatorsiii). Alternating current stimulatorsiv). Pulsed current stimulatorsIn this section, we focus mainly on the basic effects obtained from the main electrotherapy modalities involved with the elimination of disease and restoration of good health (i.e. b. and c. above), from which one can see their distinct advantages and limitations in clinical efficacy. Understanding these parameters enables one to combine the right modalities to provide a holistic approach to completely restoring and maintaining good health in a patient..1 Modalities for Direct Pathogen Destruction.1.1 Frequency Modalities For Direct Pathogen DestructionSimply put, and as described in our paper entitled, "The History of Electrotherapy The Cure for All Diseases", a virus or any other microbe is susceptible to a specific frequency that causes its immediate demise, almost upon contact. Armed with his high magnification "Universal Microscope", Rife could clearly see living bacteria and cells, and began experiments in which he exposed the specimen to various electric and magnetic fields. Using many different specimens, Rife discovered that he could make bacteria and single-celled organisms react to alternating or pulsed fields due to a principle in physics known as sympathetic resonance. He found that each different type of organism appeared to respond to one specific frequency, and in particular, by increasing the strength of the signal that came from the Rife Machine at that frequency, the organism ultimately exploded or disintegrated!This effect has been duplicated by modern researchers who have found that the frequency range of the effect varies with the specimen and that the intensity of the field seems to become pronounced within five or six Hertz of the specimen's critical (resonance) frequency. If however, you proceed to expose the organism to its critical frequency, it literally explodes. This is known as the Mortal Oscillatory Rate, or the M.O.R. of that particular micro organism. According to Royal Rife, the basic theory upon which his frequency generator worked was the theory of coordinative resonance with frequencies which he proved will destroy microorganisms by electron transfer and internal stresses of pathogenic cells owing to electromagnetic and electrostatic forces.Rife repeated his experiments with thousands of samples and reproduced the same effect every time. More interestingly, he was unable to find any frequency that would cause human (or other mammalian) tissue cells to explode in the same way meaning that the technique could selectively destroy bacteria and other pathogens in the human body without damaging human cells! The implications were profound. Rife had found a way to selectively destroy invading bacteria and other pathogens in the human body without causing damage to human cells! He then decided to refine his equipment to produce the requisite electromagnetic fields and commissioned engineers to build him a device that could emit a variable frequency field that he could tune to destroy different pathogens. This device that became known as the "Rife Beam Ray Device" allowed Rife to expand his work. He became obsessed with his work spending days at a time looking through his microscopes, tuning his Beam Ray Device and cataloguing effects without sleep, and is said to have conducted "tens of thousands" of laboratory tests using live animals which he was able to cure of specific infections with only short exposures to the Beam Ray Device. Eventually, after having reproduced this effect with several viruses and bacteria, Rife took up a challenge to treat 16 terminally ill cancer patients who were sent to him from Pasadena Hospital in California. After subjecting them to -minute per day and twice a week exposures to light rays generated from his "Beam Ray Device" - (now called the Rife Frequency Generator) - and tuned to the MORs of the cancer virus, all 16 patients were tested and pronounced completely free of cancer after 0 days of treatment by his Beam Ray". After this astounding success, Rife spent many years discovering and documenting the MORs of numerous other viruses and bacteria extending his frequency list which is now known as the Rife Frequency Table.MOR effects are far easier to achieve using Rife's Resonance Frequency techniques, but require knowledge of the affecting virus or bacteria and its mortal frequency as well as some experience to accomplish than do "Polarity" techniques that instead attempt to stimulate tissues and encourage healing, by direct cell stimulation, thereby strengthening the immune system. The limitation of MOR effects is that they focus on destroying the pathogen causing the disease without necessarily attempting to restore immune function or to reverse the damage already caused, e.g. in the case of a wound. . Modalities for Immune Stimulation..1 Frequency Modalities for Immune System StimulationBesides actual microbial destruction, there are several ways to use frequency to apply therapy to specific tissues of the body, and this opens up another entire chapter on the traditional use of frequency devices. These applications include cancer, diabetes, kidney failure, rheumatoid arthritis, stones, cataract, cuts and sores, and a host of others. Such applications do not attempt to destroy parasites, but instead, attempt to stimulate tissues and encourage healing, by direct stimulation and strengthening of the immune system. Stimulatory frequency applications achieve their effects by stimulating cells by either increasing and decreasing the intensity or providing a constant energy intensity with a given rate of pulses per second (Hertz). At low frequencies of 1 to 1,000 pulses per second, the effects obtained are considered bioelectric as they create action potentials in the cell. An Action Potential is defined as, a cellular reaction resulting from a sufficient level of energy being provided to the cell. In electromedicine, action potentials can only be created when intensity is increased enough to provide the cell energy to facilitate an action. The action potential is created by alternately raising and lowering this intensity across (below and above) the threshold level, and how many times per second (frequency in Hertz) this up and down movement of intensity occurs across the action potential threshold (and the manner in which it is applied) determines what effects can be achieved. (See section .4.1 Interferential Therapy).At higher frequencies within a range of 1,000 to 100,000 Hz, effects can be achieved by holding the energy intensity at a constant level, (which does not produce action potentials as action potentials can only be produced from an alternating increase and decrease of intensity in a cell). At these higher frequencies, the effects are considered biochemical as they trigger alternative mechanisms of action to obtain effects. In section . below, we give a simplified explanation of the basic theories of how the main electrotherapy devices that produce these effects work. Some of them produce both bioelectric and biochemical effects by applying a wide range of frequencies around a carrier frequency via a technique called frequency modulation. The magnitude of the carrier frequency and the "oscillatory" frequencies used determine what effects are produced. Although the focus of this paper is on electrotherapy modalities that cure disease, it is pertinent to mention that there is also a very wide range of traditional muscle and nerve stimulatory devices that have been on the market for many years, and the main parameters for their applications are in electrical stimulation arei). Amplitude which determines the type of stimulation (i.e. sub-threshold, sensory, motor, or noxious);ii). Pulse Duration which determines type of tissue being stimulated (e.g. nerve or muscle);iii). Interpulse interval which determines the total current of the stimulus, and hence it determines the safety and comfort of the stimulation;iv). Frequency which determines the target tissue (e.g. nerve or muscle). Also determines the depth of penetration of the current which is related to skin impedance and resistance.Different combinations of these parameters can be used to obtain different therapeutic effects such as;· Pain Suppression;· Muscle Dysfunction; and· Tissue Repair.This gives rise to the very wide range of traditional stimulatory frequency devices on the market, such as Interferential Treatment, TENS (Transcutaneous Electronic Nerve Stimulation), MENS (Microcurrent Electronic Nerve Stimulation), brain tuners, etc. - each targeted to achieve a specific stimulatory effect. .. Polarity Modalities for Immune System StimulationThe application of energy to induce changes in the polarity of the electrical charge of certain tissues of the body, or of the body in general was discovered by Rife to have the effect of preventing most viruses and bacteria from reproducing. Similar effects were observed by Dr. Georges Lathovsky in Paris who developed a wave emitter called a multi-wave oscillator with which he cured cancer in plants and humans as well as other diseases. They were also noted in Bordeaux by another inventor, self-taught as was Rife, Antoine Prior, whose apparatus combined the use of electromagnetic radiation with a plasma of helium or noble gases reminiscent of Rifes method used in detecting and devitalizing BX.This technique does not effect as rapid results as frequency therapy, but is a valuable alternative, and means of maintenance, as follow up to frequency therapy sessions. Polarity applications are traditionally employed in brain wave manipulation experiments, and have been reported upon favourably in most cases of nerve inflammation (and acupuncture). The use of polarity techniques is completely different from frequency applications and utilizes its own unique set of frequencies and output adjustments. Among these are protocols that have been reported effective as alternatives to frequency therapy, so they are the preferred method for pregnant mothers, children and for persons with other reasons for extreme caution, such as old age.. A Simplified Explanation of How Electromedicine Achieves Immune Stimulation..1 The Cell as an Electric Power StationAll cells have small electrically powered pumps inside of them whose function is to bring in nourishment, and take out toxins. Healthy cells, according to Nobel prize winner Otto Warburg, have cell voltages of 70 to 0 millivolts. Due to the constant stresses of modern life and our toxic environment, cell voltage tends to drop as we age or get sick. As the voltage drops, the cell is unable to maintain a healthy environment for itself.Imagine going into a house where the power is out. The water pumps wouldnt operate so the toilets wouldnt work. There would be no running water, therefore no showers or baths or doing dishes. The refrigerator wouldnt work so there wouldnt be any food to eat, and the food that was in there would go bad. Add to that a garbage man strike, and now garbage is piling up. As you could guess, anyone living in that house would probably get sick. It is the same for the cells of the body. Without enough energy to operate, the cells become toxic and malnourished. Then, when presented with an infectious organism, whether it is the virus that causes cancer, or the common cold, they have lost the vitality to resist. If the electrical charge of a cell drops to 50, the cells become devitalised and stressed, and will not be able to function just like a flat battery. When this condition persists for a long time, the person has chronic fatigue and gets sick often. In the human body, cell voltage drop and the accompanying "low-energy" crisis can be the result of any of several problems e.g.- because the cell is in a toxic environment, or because it is for some reason in an environment without the possibility of proper oxygenation (anaerobic), nutrition, or metabolism and therefore energy. Even stress can cause the voltage to drop which explains why only when a person is under stress the Herpes virus flares up and shows as blisters on the lips. Electromedicine is the most effective and fastest method of raising cell voltage and imparting EM energy to the cell, and there are several devices that have been invented to achieve this function. .. Example Cancer Explained In Terms of Cell Energy Deficiency (Ischemia)According to Greek Professor Panos T. Pappas who has invented and patented the "PAP Ion Magnetic Induction (IMI) Device" for the treatment of cancer, Cancer is the most general phenomenon of missing energy, low metabolism and division in biological systems, and it is found in all forms of life, i.e., plants, animals and, we may even say, in all life societies that of humans, animals, plants, as well as that of various microorganisms. He demonstrates the above with the following common example taken from agriculture, and known practically to all farmers. Let us suppose, that we have two plants, which we water every day. The plants stay healthy, but do not produce flowers or seeds to enter into the cycle of reproduction. However, if one of the plants is deprived of watering, and as a result finds itself in a state of stress, having less nutrition and energy, it will soon flower and reproduce early to survive as species. Thus, as soon as one of the plants is found in a stressful environment, i.e. without nutrition and energy, (because of lack of water which acts as the carrier of nutrition), it produces flowers and seeds as soon as possible in order to multiply obviously in an attempt to survive as species, via a large number of successors, following an "instinct" or a survival "program ", deeply encoded in its DNA by its creator.The same holds true for an advanced organism such as the human cell which may ordinarily secure its food more easily than a primitive one, which strives every day for food. Indeed, a primitive organism is in a continuous state of stress, for finding food and energy. In order to counter this low-energy crisis and win its daily battle against hunger, disease and the threat of extinction, and in order to survive as a species, it multiplies very fast and in large numbers. Prof. Papas adds that this phenomenon is also true for the human society; poor couples of primitive societies usually tend to have five, ten or more children with respect to rich couples of wealthy societies, which tend to have one or two children only. It's encoded in our DNA! According to Papas, Cancer is the critical state of low energy of a cell and critically low metabolism in which the cell becomes "trapped" for various reasons. This critically low energy and metabolism state is manifested by a low transmembrane potential of 15 millivolts, which causes a "chain " of specific malfunctions for the cell, and a general state of ischemia (low energy) for the organism. When a cell is in this particular low energy/metabolism state and below 15 millivolts (Nobel Laureate Albert Szent-Gyorgyi, Cone and others), it becomes aware that its survival is threatened, and, following an "instinct" or a survival "program" deeply encoded in the DNA of every living organism by its creator, it makes an effort to survive as a species via a large number of successors. This it does by making another copy of itself - dividing into two identical parts and, as the creation of an additional organism (also competing for energy) worsens the energy crisis, cell division continues in a chain reaction referred to as "cancer", which is characterised by the following "chain" of specific malfunctions for the cell· low transmembrane potential;· increased accumulation of sodium ions inside the cell;· increased water molecular attached to sodium molecules inside the cell inflammation; · increase of volume of the cell and osmotic pressure inside the cell;· swelling;· thinning of the cell membrane;· cell division. The above conditions restrict farther cell metabolism and the person has chronic fatigue and gets sick often. In the human body, cell division will occur as long as a "low-energy" crisis prevails for any reason, for example - because the cell is in a toxic environment, or because it is found in a rather anaerobic (non-oxygenated) environment, which was not intended to be so in the first place, or because it is surrounded by a tumor, or it is adjacent to a tumor, which lacks veins and arteries and strives for energy and food, and without the possibility of proper oxygenation, nutrition, or metabolism and therefore energy.Sustained cell division eventually leads to cell over population, which enhances and diffuses the existing energy crisis from the cells to the system; in other words, energy crisis is then extended and generalized for the system as a whole. We may say, that cells with low energy get into a " panic" state of feverish multiplication, in order to preserve their species, following an inherent program encoded in the most fundamental part - their DNA, for survival under the emergency of severe conditions.Prof. Papas has patented and what he describes as an ultra fast, short duration and athermic bipolar magnetic and induced electrical pulse generator, the PAP Ion Magnetic Induction (IMI) Device which utilizes pulsed electromagnetic fields to generate (or induce) electric pulses inside biological matter. Treatment with the PAP IMI Device accelerates healing and the preliminary results are said to be impressive... Electromedicine Provides the Ultimate SolutionThe most effective and fastest method of raising cell voltage and imparting EM energy to the cell is by means of Electromedical devices, and there are several devices that have been invented to achieve this function. The devices use different techniques to achieve that objective. Some use frequency modalities while others use polarity modalities, but the overall effect is to raise cell energy and restore cell function to a healthy state. One such device is called a Multiwave Oscillator (MWO), which is described in the next section...4 Lakhovsky's Multiwave Oscillator (MWO)The MWO is a wave emitter that was invented by Dr. Georges Lathovsky in the early 100s. Dr. Lakhovsky discovered that healthy cells acted like little batteries and found out how to recharge them (raise their voltages). He found that transmitting energy in the range between 750,000 Hertz and ,000,000,000 Hertz raised the cells voltage. He had great results with cancer in plants and humans as well as other diseases. Not only was his MWO able to return sick cells (and people) to health, but also those who used it regularly noticed that they never got sick anymore.15 years later, Royal Raymond Rife, the inventor of the Rife machine had an idea. If all cells have a frequency that they can be charged at, what would happen if you isolated that frequency and sent it more energy than it could handle? He experimented this with the bacteria and the cancer virus, and found that, just like overcharging a battery, the cell could be made to explode when it received excessive energy at a frequency specific to that microbial cell, and he called this the Mortal Oscillatory Rate (MOR). Later he managed to isolate the cancer virus and found that it also disintegrated at its MOR, leading to a breakthrough in the treatment of cancer. Although his discovery faced stiff and brutal opposition from interested parties that included pharmaceutical drug companies, Rife later spent many years discovering and cataloguing the frequencies (MORs) at which many other viruses and bacteria could be destroyed.In this sense, a Rife machine is the exact opposite of a MWO. They both rely on the same principle, that is, that life forms can absorb Electromagnetic and radio wave energy. But while the MWO uses that principle to strengthen the healthy cells of the body so that they can resist disease, a Rife machine uses the principle to destroy microorganisms that are causing the disease. Most people have been exposed to the oral variety of the herpes virus, and it is dormant in their bodies. Only when a person is under stress does the virus flare up and show as blisters on the lips. We carry many thousands of infections in our body in a dormant state. As long as we are healthy (high cell voltages), these infections stay dormant. In this way, a MWO can prevent us from diseases of all kinds. In some situations, a disease is not caused by an infection. Take Alzheimers disease or fibromyalgia. There are no infections currently associated with these diseases. They are thought to be caused by toxicity and imbalanced metabolism. A MWO would be effective here by helping the body detox, and giving it enough energy to heal its chronic metabolic imbalances. ..5 Antoine Prior's Electromagnetic (EM) Wave MachineAnother method of raising cell voltage is the Prior Machine - named after its inventor, Antoine Prior, also self-taught, as was Royal Rife. Antoine Prior's apparatus achieved its healing effects by combining the use of electromagnetic radiation with a plasma of helium or noble gases reminiscent of Rifes method used in detecting and devitalizing the BX cancer virus.The great difficulty was that no one-including Prior himself- understood the actual active mechanism produced by the machine. Prior had no University education and was a self-taught researcher who, after working as a radar technician and operator in the Italian Navy, had somehow become fascinated by EM wave effects on plants and animals. He began exposing various animals such as cats to the radiations of his early apparatus and his discovery of the electrotherapy was almost through serendipity. Largely because he was not a scientist but a mere electrician who had graduated from a small provincial school for electricity in Trieste, Italy, Antoine Prior was not able to explain why his device worked, or even how it was designed and constructed to achieve its spectacular results. For this reason, learned scientists were sceptical about his work, which they dismissed as a placebo. Because of his academic limitations, the explanation of the Prior Effect, as it is now called, was left to those academics who had got interested in his work, such as;· Professor Drieux at the famous Veterinarian School of Maisons-Allfort, near Paris;· Professor Raymond Pautrizel an eminent parasitologist on the Faculty of Medicine at Bordeaux who verified the utility of the Prior Ray on a particularly lethal parasite, the trypanosome family (which causes sleeping sickness, equine syphilis, and other afflictions) as well as on atherosclerosis;· Pierette Chateau-Reynaud Duprat, who worked with the Prior method for several years, showing that the Prior ray had no direct effect on the disease-causing parasites themselves but stimulated and reinforced the defence mechanism of the infested organisms; and· Biologist and Nobel Laureate Andr Lwoff, who confirmed the biological efficacy of Prior's device; and According to modern research and current understanding of Electromagnetic energy, the Prior Effect is explained as follows¨ Scientific research has established that the earth's geomagnetic field and electromagnetic radiation have bioelectric effects on the body's cellular mass, affecting the vibratory motion of living cells and consequently their life. Every part of the body right down to cell nuclei participates in the exchange of emission of Electromagnetic (EM) energy between the body and the environment. The body's own emission "changes" the environment, adding EM radiation while it also absorbs EM radiation from the environment. The body's EM absorption affects every function, operation and part of the body, and as a result, body and environment are always in a continual state of affecting and changing each other, both helpfully and harmfully, depending on how these deeply induced EM radiations interact. On the negative side, certain Electromagnetic frequencies can cause genetic mutations and psychological disturbances leading to disease, and on the positive side, there are also certain EM frequencies that can induce good health and psychological well-being. The more naturally a person's vibrational field is attuned to the earth, the better, and the body's reaction (healing system) must continually adjust and correct deviations from this oscillatory equilibrium (normalcy), in every part of every cell so affected by the EM interactions by dealing with the induced changes (exited states) in the body.The Sun produces a continuous outpouring of electrically charged particles called the Solar Wind. As the Solar Wind Collides with the magnetic field of a planet, it creates shock waves on the sunward side. This triggers the emission of radio waves that radiate back towards the sun. One of the questions scientists have looked at is how and why do these solar shock waves affect us? The new analysis has concluded that it is the negatively charged electrons (negative ions) and not the positively charged particles (positive ions) such as protons (ionized hydrogen atoms) that trigger the radio waves, which are emitted in bursts measured in pulses per second (Hertz). This ion ratio can also relate to the electromagnetic pulses. Ions - both negative and positive - are the passive part of the electromagnetic spectrum, and the pulsed electromagnetic (frequencies) are the active part of the electromagnetic spectrum with these pulses per second or hertz having a profound effect on the body's hormonal system which is controlled by the brain. The earths geomagnetic and electric resonance frequencies are low frequencies that have a number of beneficial bioelectric effects. Our Brains pulse between 1 Hz and 5 Hz. 1 Hz - Hz (Delta Waves) represent deep sleep. 5 Hz - 7 Hz (Theta Waves) = Light sleep or tired. 8 Hz - 1 Hz (Alpha Waves) = alert. 14 Hz - 0 Hz (Beta Waves) = very busy. Around 10 Hz is considered the best for our well-being when awake (alert yet calm). Our planet naturally pulses at approximately. 7.5 Hz the geomagnetic field of the earth resonates between 7.8 and 8.0 cycles per second. Thus, the more naturally a person's vibrational field is attuned to the earth, the better. Not surprisingly, this cycle is also the healthy, alpha brain wave frequency of meditating monks. In fact, the nerves and muscles are fully responsive to Alpha and Theta frequencies that are near the earth's resonance frequency.Our brains try to match other natural or artificial electromagnetic pulse signals if they are powerful enough. The frequency of the solar shock waves is between 1 Hz - Hz, and may be responsible for the brain going into a semi subconscious mode (in other words, you dont get very stressed out under these conditions). Atmospheric negative ions tend to cause our brains to go into the Alpha Brain Wave mode = 8 Hz - 1 Hz, and most research shows that Alpha Waves are the most beneficial for us when awake (calm yet alert). Higher frequencies (above 1 Hz) trigger extra serotonin and melatonin production in the brain. Most electric appliances work off of 60 Hz or higher in North America and 50 Hz in Europe. Computer monitors operate at 0,000 Hz.; Cellular Phones operate at 840 Million Hz.; Microwave Ovens at .8 Billion Hz. Scary eh! The higher the frequency the more serotonin thats produced in the brain. Serotonin has recently been associated with cancer. ¨ The actual healing system in the body is the cellular regenerative system, poorly studied, and in fact mostly studied by Dr. Robert Becker. This is an electromagnetic system, but of a rare kind not used in our common power systems, communication systems, etc. Instead of using the common transverse EM waves, this system uses longitudinal EM waves and time-polarized EM waves. A time-polarized EM wave is an energy current in the time domain, and the basis for such does appear in a very modern physics theory called quantum field theory. There we are introduced to time-polarized photons, for example. The easiest way to visualize a time-polarized oscillation is that, instead of oscillating energy in space, the wave oscillates the rate of flow of time just a little bit. So, the wave is a compression and "rarefaction" of the local rate of flow of time, so to speak. The Prior Effect is explained by the science of modern phase conjugate optics which was only introduced to America after Russian researchers briefed U.S. researchers at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory about a strange EM wave in reactions that would come back out and restore order in disordering processes. In extremely simple terms, suppose you squeeze (pump) a little particle of non-linear mass with spatial-energy (normal) EM waves at certain frequencies, and then tickle the rhythmically squeezed mass with a separate little EM wave that you input. Oddly, the energy in the pumping waves will be transformed into a strange kind of backwards travelling or crawfish wave that backtracks the path that the little input wave took. This strange time-reversed wave in essence is in magnitude some fraction or amplification of the input wave, and it propagates back along the path taken by the input wave even if the input wave itself is already gone! Thus, with NORMAL pumping with spatial energy, we create an amplified time-reversal spatial energy wave that REVERSES whatever the input wave did. ¨ In the Prior process, it was the longitudinal EM radiations and their induction of time-domain pumping of the non-linear cells and every part of them that provided the cellular time reversal from the diseased state back to the previous healthy state. If we pump (squeeze rhythmically) a living cell in the TIME domain, we pump every part and point of it simultaneously. So we produce an amplified time-reversal force wave on each and every part of the mass-energy comprising the cell. The mechanism is a dramatic extension to non-linear optics, moving it to the time-domain, and resulting in the forced propagation of the pumped cellular mass itself, i.e. the cell and all its parts including its genetics in the time domain back along the previous path through time that the cell took in having changes occur to it such as diseases, damage, and even aging! In other words, longitudinal EM wave pumping in the Prior device is time-domain pumping. ¨ Viewed general relativistically, this temporal pumping produces a time-reversal of the entire cellular mass, resulting in the damaged or diseased cellular mass and all its components slowly reverting back to a previous healthy state. Thus, we can gradually reverse the damaged or diseased cell back to an earlier physical condition, before the damage or disease was there! And, not only can we amplify and time-reverse the energy in a normal EM wave, but we can now also amplify (shorten the time required to change) and time-reverse the energy comprising a living mass. There is no -spatial propagation; the propagation is shifted to the time domain entirely. It involves the hidden, very powerful general relativity in the inner space underlying the present EM (Electro Magnetic) fields. ¨ In the Prior method, Prior mixed several ordinary transverse EM radiations - some at radar frequency and some at microwave frequency - in a plasma tube containing a rotating plasma, and irradiated the entire body of the patient (or animal subject) with the EM waves. Today it is known that some plasmas will organize longitudinal waves when transverse waves are input, and vice versa. Apparently, although he did not realize it, Prior was able to produce at least noisy longitudinal EM waves which were infolded inside pulsed magnetic field carriers. Prior embedded these waves in rippling magnetic field carriers, to guarantee that the deepest bone marrow was penetrated and exposed to the non-ionizing radiation. Irradiation with longitudinal waves stimulates the body to produce a little more of the time-polarized pump waves. These provide some pumping of the required type in the living cells, resulting in time-reversal of the damaged cells back to health; in short, an accelerated natural healing process. ¨ That is in fact the basic mechanism, that every living biological system uses to heal itself, which is also the final mechanism that Becker so ardently sought and so closely approached in his epochal work on bone fracture healing. It is the same mechanism that was responsible for the astounding cures achieved by the Prior team in France in the 160s and early 170s. In biology, the change of a cell to a previous or more primitive state is called dedifferentiation. The change of a cell forward or to a more specialized state is called differentiation. So the change of the cell back to a more primitive state or forward to a more specialized state is well known. Proof of Prior Cellular Time-reversal Effect The proof of cellular time-reversal was provided by renowned French Parasitologist, Professor Raymond Pautrizel who compared identical treatment of immature rats with immature immune systems, and mature rats with mature immune systems both groups of rats having been artificially infected in the laboratory. Pautrizel's experiments demonstrated that For mature rats with mature immune systems Treatment restored the damaged mature system back to full mature functioning, and it promptly recognized and dispatched the pathogens. For immature rats with immature immune systems Treatment restored the damaged immature system back to full immature functioning, still unable to cope, and the pathogens promptly reinfected and killed the immature rat. The lesson The body is indeed returned to a previous physical state. The pathogens themselves are not killed by the treatment, but by restoring the previous ability of the immune system to recognize and destroy them. Only the previous ability of the immune system is restored by the process.¨ Another effect that is at play is cellular regeneration. Dr. Robert Beckers work is probably the best and most advanced example of the state of the art of the study that has been done of the cellular regeneration system, particularly from the standpoint of inducing changes in it by electromagnetic means. Becker did induce the phase conjugation effects, but during much of his work (earlier, 160s) modern phase conjugate optics had not even been born. It eventually got started after the 17 Russian briefing of U.S. researchers at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory about phase conjugate effects. Even then, it really did not get well underway until about 17 or 180, except for a handful of U.S. researchers such as Yariv and Fisher. ¨ Becker showed that the cellular regeneration system also restores the cells, and that it is stimulated and amplified electromagnetically. But he could not achieve quite such startling results, since he used ordinary EM radiation and not specialized EM radiation coming from plasmas. Beckers work is applied to cure otherwise intractable bone fractures. Trickle currents or pulsed EM wave energy is applied between silver electrodes, one on each side of the fracture so that (1) a potential exists in the area, and () a field also exists. Eventually, new cells of the type that make bone are deposited in the fracture and it is healed. Becker revealed the startling thing that happens. The RED BLOOD CELLS entering the area undergo remarkable changes. First, they shuck their haemoglobin and grow nuclei which is dedifferentiation back to a previous state before they differentiated into red blood cells. Then they redifferentiate (move forward in time) but to the type of cells that make cartilage! However, that is not what is required, so these cells AGAIN redifferentiate (move forward in time) to the type of cells that make bone. These are then deposited in the fracture site, closing the site and healing the fracture!¨ By studying Beckers work and his proposed EM composition of the cellular regeneration system, it is now clear that the above mechanism, expanded, is the one used by the cellular regeneration system to restore cells. This gives an entirely new function to the potentials in the cells and in their parts; the cellular regeneration system is capable of weakly producing time-polarized EM waves, and therefore capable of time-reversing the mass-energy of the entire pumped cell. ¨ The body ages only because gradually the cellular regenerative system deteriorates, and so can no longer fully restore (time-reverse) the cells back to full youthful vigour. Thus, corollarily, the aging process itself can also be reversed and cured by precisely the same process, i.e. time-reversal of the entire cellular mass and its components. We emphasize that all that the treatment does is accelerate and enhance the human bodys own natural healing mechanism which still does not appear in our medical science, because the type of electrodynamics used by the bodys healing process has not even been applied (and seldom even studied) by Western medical scientists. Thats about as simple as EM healing can be explained without going deep into the physics of phase conjugate optics. A rigorous theoretical basis for the foregoing is established from the pioneering advanced electrodynamics work of a few great pioneers, such as Evans and Barrett which is now able to fully model and explain the mechanisms involved. Definition of PlasmaA highly ionised gas containing approximately equal numbers of positive ions and electrons.There are no such things as resistant pathogens to the process; everything is mass energy and just gets backed up right out of there. Indeed, the exchange between the pathogen and the hosts immune system, where the pathogen finally succeeded in tricking or avoiding the immune system (as in HIV-AIDS), is also reversed back out of there, and the immune system is also restored to full vigour. The result is that the immune system now recognizes the pathogens again completely, and goes after them vigorously. In short, the body is again able to use its full healing power against the resistant organism again, completely negating the deception that was previously achieved by the pathogen. In a nutshell, the Prior Effect, unlike the Rife method, focuses not on killing the virus directly, but on reversing the cell degenerative process caused by the pathogen and, using the cell's memory function, also rendering the immune system far superior to the attacker in the event of another attack. Furthermore, it is interesting to note that infectious diseases cured by Prior radiation also provided an immunity to the treated host organism that has been shown to be transferable by transfusion of blood samples. Thats about as simple as EM healing can be explained without going deep into the physics of phase conjugate optics. A rigorous theoretical basis for the foregoing is established from the pioneering advanced electrodynamics work of a few great pioneers, such as Evans and Barrett which is now able to fully model and explain the mechanisms involved. With Rife machines, Lakhovsky Multiwave Oscillators and Prior Machines, we have three powerful technologies from the past to help us with the diseases of the present..4 Modalities for Muscle Stimulation.4.1 Interferential TherapyINTERFERENTIAL THERAPY is a low frequency current treatment used by Physiotherapists for the control and relief of a wide range of inflammatory conditions; sports injuries, arthritic conditions, bruising, swelling, and post manipulation or post surgical inflammation.The major effect of the therapy is to accelerate the rate at which a given condition heals, and to increase the blood supply to the part of the body treated. Generally, any condition which ends in -itis; sinusitis, colitis, tenosinovitis, will respond to the therapy.Interferential Therapy is so called because it exploits the interference of two separately generated sinusoidal currents which are applied to the body simultaneously. The two channels of an interferential device generate frequencies well above the low frequencies at which the pain receptors in the surface layers of the skin are sensitive, and at which resistance to current is high. Usually the two frequencies are between 500 and 4500 cycles per second, or Hz. The two separate channels are each applied through a pair of surface electrodes, and while the frequency of one channel is kept constant, that of the other is made to vary over the range of low frequencies desired. The mixing of frequencies in this manner is called frequency modulation. Once through the high resistance, sensitive skin and into the underlying structures, the two channels meet each other and mix together within the volume of tissue targeted by the therapist by careful positioning of the electrodes. The result of the mixing is the generation of the Interferential Frequency, commonly called a beat frequency, equal to the difference between the two medium frequencies. The body responds to this beat frequency in the same way it would to the direct application of a low frequency , but without the attendant discomfort. In practical Interferential Therapy Machines, the interferential frequency is made to alternate between two values select by the therapist. The machine sweeps the applied interferential frequency back and forth between the extremes selected, usually over a period of about 6 seconds. This prevents the patients tissues becoming used to the therapy, and shortens the treatment times. Different frequency bands have different effects and are used against specific conditions. For example 10Hz is a powerful pain reliever, 45Hz - 0Hz stimulates the sympathetic nervous system and 1Hz - 10Hz speeds recovery of fractures. In the hands of a Therapist able to make the right diagnosis, select the electrode sizes and place them accurately to target the site of the condition, and with the ability to review and interpret the progress of the patient, Interferential Therapy is powerful and effective, and can lead to a permanent alleviation of the condition.DISCLAIMERAll information about Electromedicine and Electrotherapy given in this paper is provided for educational, research, and informational purposes only, and is not intended to be construed as medical advice, nor is it intended to lead anyone away from a doctor. The author makes absolutely no claims to being a medical practitioner, nor does he attest to the clinical efficacy of any specific make or model of frequency generators and other equipment of the type mentioned in the report, and made by any given manufacturer. The author cannot take any responsibility for those who treat themselves using any device of a type mentioned in this report and purporting to impart the benefits described in this paper. Any reader interested in using these devices is advised to evaluate them on their own, and assess the benefits at their own risk. ReferencesThe entire content of the above document was researched from scientific papers posted on several Internet websites, notably websites owned by the following organizations, including links thereto· The Tom Bearden Excalibur Briefing· The Alternative Energy Institute· Rife Information Forum, Europe· Transformation Technologies· Electromedicine Resources· Prof. Panos T. Papas· Hako-Med Products· Bio Electric S.A· Whale Medical· JWLABS, and· Oxyrife.com Microbe Caused Diseases that areTreatable With Electronic Medicine For more specific information read these articlesAre you clear of Parasites?How Parasites Cause Cancer and HIVTapeworms and AscarisDr. Clarks Herbal Parasite CleanseAIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)- Caused all or in part by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). 10 year incubation period. Has killed 7 million people so far. HIV invades white blood cells by attching and then injecting its RNA. The RNA is enzymatically changed to DNA to replicate the virus inside the cell. The blood cell then bursts, spilling out all the new HIV to renew the reproduction cycle again (which lasts 1. days). The immune system becomes so weakened that the patient finally is overcome by other infections.Arthritis, Rheumatoid- Results in soreness and stiffness of muscles, and pain in joints and associated structures. Research has revealed its cause as viral.Bubonic plague- Caused by the bacteria Yersinia Pestis which is carried by rodents and fleas. Early symptoms -6 days after being bitten are painful swollen lymph nodes, fever, exhaustion, headache. It progresses to lung pneumonia resulting in 50% death rate.Cancer- A malignant tumour or neoplasm. Royal Rife identified two microbes that can cause cancer. Since then, many other microbes have been identified as cancer-causing. Important warning signals of cancer are unusual bleeding or discharges, a lump or thickening in any area, a sore that doesnt heal, a change in bowel or bladder habits, hoarseness or persistent cough, indigestion or difficulty swallowing, change in size or shape or appearance of a wart or mole, unexplained weight loss.Cholera- A bacterial infection in the intestines that prevents the absorption of salt and water which results in dehydration and death. Characterized by diarrhoea, painful cramps, and tendency to collapse. Transmission is through water, milk, or other foods contaminated with excreta of patients or carriers.Chronic Fatigue Immune Dysfunction Syndrome (CFIDS) - A chronic viral infection which causes immune deficiency and chronic fatigue.Dengue Fever- A tropical viral infection carried by mosquitoes. Illness produced ranges from non-specific viral syndrome to severe and fatal hemorrhagic disease. When hemorrhagic the fatality rate is 5%. Hundreds of thousands of hemorrhagic cases occur yearly.Diptheria - A bacterial infection characterized by the formation of a false membrane on any mucous surface and occasionally on the skin. Usually accompanied by great prostration. Most cases occur before age of 10. Transmission directly from human carrier or articles contaminated. Typical is a yellowish-white membrane on tonsils or pharyngeal walls.Ebola Virus Hemorrhagic Fever- A severe systemic febrile illness caused by one of 4 viruses. Transmitted from infected people. -0% fatal. Causes internal bleeding with loss of clotting ability which can Please note that this sample paper on Electromedicine Modalities - A Simplified Explaination is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Electromedicine Modalities - A Simplified Explaination, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Electromedicine Modalities - A Simplified Explaination will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.


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Wednesday, September 23, 2020

Soup Kitchen

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Soup Kitchen On Friday, December sixth, two thousand and two, for my sociology class project, myself and a few of my classmates volunteered to help out at the soup kitchen in downtown Valdosta Georgia. Tedrick Nyack and myself left my office around ten thirty in the morning to begin our voyage to the soup kitchen. On our way to the soup kitchen we were feeling a little anxious not knowing what to expect. As we pulled into what seemed to be a parking lot I got pretty nervous. The parking lot was covered in gravel and dirt and it led up to the beat up screen door and to the side of the entrance there was a worn out sign that said Soup Kitchen. There were about three or four men standing outside on the porch of the Soup Kitchen. We said hello to the gentlemen and we were very friendly. They smiled and in return, they were friendly back and returned our greeting. As we entered the Soup Kitchen door there was a gentleman in a green sweater and green tossel cap. His pants were stained and hung below his feet so he walked on them with his shoes. As you enter the front door of the Soup Kitchen you enter into the dining area of the facility. There are I believe five rows of three tables and each table has about six chairs. They are the hard, plastic, chairs. Anyway the gentleman in the green sweater and green tossel cap seemed like he was pretty excited to see us as we walked through the door. He immediately told us to come in and go into the back where the kitchen was to wash our hands. We walked back into the kitchen and there about five ladies or so greeted us. They were all preparing to get something to eat. When we were through with washing our hands the gentleman in the green sweater asked us if we wanted something to eat. I immediately said yes and I could see be the look on Tedricks face that he wanted to say no but I quickly whispered to him that he should eat because I didn't want them to think that we thought that we were to good to eat food from the Soup Kitchen. Although he really didn't want to eat, he did grab a plate and a plastic fork along with myself. They had lots to choose from. There was some kind of chicken dumpling stew, (at least that's what it looked like) corn from a can, breaded boneless chicken patties, stuffed green peppers, green beans and something in a brown sauce that I couldn't identify. Tedrick and myself chose to eat one of the breaded boneless fried chicken patties and some burnt canned corn. The workers kept telling us to take more and eat as much as we like. I think they wanted us to get nice and full before we started to serve the homeless. But we refused to eat anymore thinking that was what they were going to feed it to the people coming in to the kitchen. (Ill comes back to what they do with all of the food later.)


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We took our plates and went to have a seat in the dining area. We sat down at the table were there were two other ladies seated and eating their food. One of the women at the table was all bundled up in her gray sweater and purple hat because it was cold in there due to the door not being shut all the way and it was forty-five degrees outside. I'm not sure if the place was heated, it was hard to tell because it was so warm in the kitchen and cool in the dining area. Any way we were talking to the woman in the purple hat and she was telling us that she was ninety-two years old and had been volunteering everyday at the soup kitchen for fifteen years. Tedrick and myself were amazed at how old she was and what great shape she was in for her age. Tedrick asked the woman what her secret was, and she said that her secret was just being kind to everyone around you, especially your family and friends because they are the ones that will always be there for you. She was also telling us that she lived in Valdosta all of her life and the last time it snowed in Valdosta was in nineteen eighty-nine. When we finished up our lunch that is when the setup began. First they asked us again if we wanted any more food to eat because there was plenty left. We again said no. That is when the man in the green sweater started to dump all of the leftover food that we didn't eat into a very large pot on the stove. (Tedrick likes to call it The Sacred Dump Soup Pot) When I say he dumped every thing in the pot, I mean everything. The breaded boneless chicken, the burnt corn, the stuffed peppers, everything. I now know where they get the name Dump Soup. The women in the kitchen were preparing the trays. They started to place ribs, cookies, muffins, bowls and a spoon on each tray. The crazy part about all of that is there is no plate or paper that they set the food on. They set it directly on the tray. I couldn't get over that. As the ladies continued to prepare the trays, Ms. Harriston and myself went out into the dining area where we were to help set up the area where the soup and salad would be served. An older gentleman I believe that his name was Therman, helped us out. Actually he did everything. All I had to do was dump crackers into a bowl. The workers have their system down pat. If you do something to try and help out, it will just throw the whole preparation out of whack. Ms. Harriston and myself just stood there while he prepared our station. As we were waiting to begin serving, they sent Tedrick into the back to do dishes in the dish room. He was pretty upset about it and really didn't want to do it but he said that he would do anything that they needed him to do. I think he was a good sport about it. After all the preparation was complete, the gentleman in the green sweater came into the dining area and opened the door to let the people in. The people came right in and they knew exactly where to go. They hurried through the line and went to their seats. It seemed as if they sat at these same seats everyday because they went directly to a table without any thought. As the dining room got fuller and fuller, it got a little louder and louder. The people seemed to be very happy considering the situation that they were in. They talked amongst each other and laughed. Some of them were joking with Ms. Harriston and myself. There were a few men that kept on flirting with Ms. Harriston by calling her baby doll, or sweetie. It was pretty funny. She would get this great big smile on her face and it looked to me as if it brightened up the gentleman's days. As we served the soup and salad and smiled and joked with every person that came through our line. The gentleman that was serving the soup with me only volunteered on Fridays, but he has been doing this for about eight years. He said that he was getting to old to do it everyday, it wore him out. He told me a story about the gentleman in the green sweater, one of the only two people at the soup kitchen that get paid. He said that the gentleman in the green sweater lived down by the river in a tent with a hammock and that's about it. He also told me that that's the way that he chooses to live. He can afford to live in an apartment but he thinks that people are to materialistic and they can do without all of the things that they think they need. He said that on cold nights the gentleman in the green sweater would sleep there in the soup kitchen. I found that to be very interesting. We served food for about an hour and a half. There were about ninety-six people that came through our line. Majority of them were middle aged black males. There were only two children that came through the line. There were some Hispanics and only a few white people that we served. Therman said that it was a cold day and that's why we didn't get as many people as we usually do. After all the people left, we started to clean up. Again, they really didn't let us do anything to help out. They have their own system and that's the way that it has to be done. They don't want any interruptions. We helped stack up the chairs and mop the floor. Tedrick finished up the dishes and was so proud that he got to wash the sacred dump soup pot. He told us that as much as he didn't want to do the dishes in the beginning, he had a great time back there in his dish room. Although in the beginning of the morning I was a little nervous about going to the soup kitchen, I quickly got over it. I couldn't believe how much of an impact that it had on me. I view homeless people in a totally different way now. I don't look down on them and think bad about them. Now I think of them, as people who just aren't as privileged as us. They are very happy people with pride and respect for themselves and others. I am glad that I got to experience an afternoon at the soup kitchen; it changed the way that I view life in itself. It made me realize how much I take for granted. I will definitely be going back to volunteer and spread some of my happiness with the people that come to the soup kitchen.


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Monday, September 21, 2020

Shakespeare poems

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Poetry is defined as the art of writing or speaking, in a rhythmical verse in order to express beautiful, imaginative thoughts. It aims to seek understanding, as it is the mark of human nature. Poems are expressed in a clear manner that directly indicates to the responder its main concerns in relation to the period of the poem. The following poems are selected as part of an analysis for this essay, "Poor soul, the centre of my sinful earth" is written by Shakespeare (1564- 1616) in the Elizabethan period and "When I have fears", written by John Keats (175- 181) in the Romantic period. The poem "Poor soul, the centre of my sinful earth" is related specifically to the Elizabethan period. This poem introduces many of the themes that will define the passage of human life in time. It attempts to explain the nature of time as it passes and it acts on immortality. The use of dense writing is created throughout the whole poem as it is shaped by a variety of ideas expressed in more depth. It manipulates the audience to feel a certain way. This is created through the communication of techniques, language, use of lofty moral ideas soul, eternity, death and a range of further aspects. There is no use of lame ideas applied within the poem, thus the writing is based on delicate idealism.


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This poem is expressed formally, which conveys a sense of seriousness. It is mainly based on ideology, as human beings are depicted as naïve and always looking towards the positive side of life. It displays a deeper emotional side to everyone's lives and displays truths that are known but not always stated. This poem introduces many of the themes that will define the passage of human life in time and death, which is inevitable. For instance, "Why so large cost, ……...is this thy body's end?" implies that it is useless spending a great deal on your image and appearance when everyone will eventually reach death and be consumed by worms. Rhyming couplets is used throughout the poem to provide emphasis and raise importance of the ideas expressed. It also binds the lines, thus providing structure. This is shown in the lines 1 and , and 4, 5 and 7, 6 and 8, and 11, 10 and 1, 1 and 14. The poem used the technique representation. This is quoted in lines to 7, " Why dost thou pine within and suffer death, painting thy outward wall so costly gay……….fading mansion spend?" "Poor soul, the centre of my sinful earth" is a representation of part of the cycle of human life. It is a construction because the meaning created is not what humans tend to recognize and believe, as they are ignorant and facing reality is not their first preference. John Keats, a poet of the Romantic age, writes the following poem "When I have fears". Poetry in this period is imaginative and fancy free, reflecting all that is spontaneous in man. This poem is specifically emotional as his expressions display a sense of fear, death in particular. He conveys a philosophical attitude towards life and death, with implications of his unpleasant experiences through life. This probably caused his poems to be more meaningful and made him fear of the future. The tone of the poem can be classified as serious, sombre and mournful. The attitude is reflected throughout the poem. Readers will decide on the tone from past experience and contextual clues. For instance, "before my death I do not see you and never experience love then when I do die, when I look at the shore of the world I leave alone I wonder if my fame and love I feel will never fall or disappear" is clearly recognized as relatively serious and sorrowful thoughts. Keats was emotional about leaving the world without people recognizing his work and afraid that that if he did not write poetry then he would not be able to go to his grave believing in himself. "When I have fears" is presented as a fairly subjective poem. Keats used "I" as a representation for his character and expressed his feelings and thoughts perspectively. In the first line, "When I think of death" and the effect of this is that it sounds personal. It gives the impression that the poet is talking to us directly and we are immediately invited to think of the persona. In conclusion, both poems "Poor soul, the centre of my sinful earth" and "When I have fears" reflects the main concerns of the period it was written in. Aspects of poetry in the Elizabethan period were the seriousness of purpose and lofty moral ideals. This corresponds to "Poor soul, the centre of my sinful earth" as the tone and expressions in the poem are serious and sophisticated. Poetry in the Romantic age was based on human life with its sorrows, which is identical to the meaning communicated in "When I have fears".


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Thursday, September 17, 2020

Quality Management Paper

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Organizations depend on their customers and therefore should understand current and future customer needs, should meet customer requirements and strive to exceed customer expectations. Before we can begin to consider how a business manages quality, we must first have a clear understanding of what we mean by the quality. A quality product or service is one, which is fit for its intended purpose.My understanding of big companies is that they have always recognized the need to ensure quality in the products and service they provide, and to achieve this they have traditionally operated Quality Assurance systems. These days there is now far greater emphasis on achieving quality within businesses than ever before. In fact many companies have noticed the importance of quality as key to their business success and have developed some type of quality system for the organizations. By developing such systems companies can achieve quality in every part of the company.United Installations is a rain gutter company and has been in the business for over ten years. This company employs between seven to eleven employees depending on the season of the year. The first and most basic step in establishing our quality management program has been to formulate written requirements that specify the roles and responsibilities of each employee on each different project. Our manual establishes basic requirements. The project manager and the team for each job establish additional requirements. Quality management should always start by applying a few project phases. Here are some that are used by our company (some times)


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1. Planning . Budgeting . Design 4. Estimates (bidding) 5. Installation A project quality management we try to emphasis is to address technical issues, but also address the customer relationship and to encourage teamwork. Our Technical issues include checklists, inspections, interdisciplinary plan checks, and many other reviews. Our customer relationship is to understand our customers and provide what we can for their needs and also being polite and proper through the project. Teamwork is encouraging commitment to the project, building teamwork, defining expectations, and getting along. If at any time other companies are involved with our project the same process in practiced through the whole project. Organizations big or small need to focus on researching the importance of enhancing customer satisfaction, understanding customer needs and expectations, and improving customer loyalty leading to repeat business by communicating with customers and satisfying their needs and expectations throughout the organization, finding what customers need to be satisfied with and acting on the results, and one other most important approach is to ensure balance between the customer and other parties involved, such as employees, phone communications, owner, and etc..We can all establish unity of purpose and direction of the organization by creating and maintain the internal environment in which people can become fully involved in achieving the organizations objectives. Our activities should be evaluated, aligned and implemented in a unified way. Miscommunication between levels of an organization must be minimized since this has been one of the barriers of quality management.As part of our discussion in class we talked about how organizations need to have a clear vision on the future of the company, the need of setting goals and targets, creating shared values and fairness, and having ethical role models at all level of the organization. I have noticed with our company and also working with other companies in the past that if we don't establish trust and eliminated the fear among employees, it not only works against the company also prevents them from getting the required training to freely act with responsibility and accountability. In class we also talked about how recognition of employees inspires and encourages them to contribute more to the organization. Another area that I need to cover about our company is the need of creating a value system between the suppliers and everyone in our organization. This relationship balances short-term gains with long-term considerations. There have been times when both parties lacked in inspiring, encouraging and recognizing improvements and achievements in both companies. But with a little use of quality management that has been resolved. There are many different ways of applying quality management. The nature of the organization and the specific challenges it faces will determine how to implement quality management. Many organizations will find it beneficial to set up quality management systems based on their principles.


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Wednesday, September 16, 2020

Key Issues in Personal Finance

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1) The Inflation RiskSavings and investments that expose you to inflation risk usually fall into the "safe" category. For example, we all tend to think of building societies deposits accounts as risk free, but are they effectively so? If you are worried about the risk of losing your original capital of the inheritance, then provided you stick to the well-regulated UK building societies, you can put your money on deposit and your original capital will indeed be safe.The capital will not diminish; indeed it will grow, assuming income is reinvested. However the growth will be modest, and in real terms, it may even be negative, depending on the rate of inflation. For the next to five years inflation will keep an average of , 5% per year. This doesn't mean I will have to ignore deposits accounts, since in fact they play a very important part in providing an easy access home for emergency funds and for short-term savings where capital security is the primary goal. Nevertheless, coming to a conclusion, over the medium to long term, deposits accounts may give rise to capital erosion.A number of different measures of UK Inflation are published by the ONS, but by far the most popular and widely covered is the retail prices index .


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) Capital RiskHistorically if you wanted to match or beat inflation over the long term you would have had to invest in equities. However with equities, unless your fund offers a guarantee (and this can be costly, such as in the case of protected funds), your capital is certainly at risk. Therefore if there is a statutory wealth warning that the investment can go down as well as up, it must be taken seriously, especially being a student.) The importance of spreading riskRisk can be managed in different ways. It is possible to concentrate it in a single investment or spread it over a wide range. In my specific case I have to protect myself further from risk by diversifying into different asset classes, for example by instead of just investing in different types of equities, I could include some bonds, gilts, deposits and so on. These behave in a different way from equities and therefore do not share the same vulnerabilities to certain economic cycles.4) Tax and investmentsThe UK tax system is incredibly complicated, making it very difficult to ensure that you do not pay more tax than you need. The first point to check is that you are making the most of your tax allowances. These apply per tax year, which runs from April 6 to April 5. The two concerning the case are§ Personal Allowance Aged up to 64 £ 4, 615 (00/00)§ Capital Gains Tax annual exemption of £ 7,700 (00/00)I. Income tax ratesLower rate 10% on first £ 1880Basic Rate % on next £ 7,50Higher Rate 40% over £ ,400II. Capital Gains Tax (CGT)You pay capital gains tax on any profits you make on your investments over the annual capital gains allowance, set at £7,700 for 00-00. Those gains are added to your income to determine the rate of tax youll pay. You pay · 10 per cent if your total income and gains are within the 10 per cent tax limit · 0 per cent if the total is below the limit for basic rate tax · 40 per cent if the total is above the higher rate tax thresholdYou get a reduction in the amount of the gain on which you have to pay tax according to how long you have held the asset since 5 April 18 and whether it is a business or non-business asset. The tax regime for business assets is by far the more favourable of the two.(CGT for 00-00-Business Assets below)Whole years Chargeable Equivalent tax rate (%)asset held gain (%) for higher-rate CGT payer0 100 401 100 40 100 40 5 84 0 65 85 46 80 7 75 08 70 8 65 610 60 4 Business assets include· Assets used in an individuals own trade. · Shares in an unlisted trading company. · Shares in a listed trading company where the shareholder can exercise at least 5 per cent of the voting rights.Profits on some non-business assets are exempt from CGT. The main exemptions are for, in the specific case· Government gilts· Various savings and investment schemes, including National Savings Certificates, Peps, Isas, venture capital trusts (VCTs), enterprise investment schemes (EIS).A way to cut down the CGT bill isOffset losses against gains consider disposing of assets that have shown a loss to set against a taxableBed-and-breakfasting, whereby you used to be able to sell assets and buy them back the next day to avoid CGT on long-term investments, is now outlawed within 0 days of the original sale. But you can still sell the assets and · Immediately buy something similar. · Buy an option to protect against a price increase over that 0-day periodIII. Stamp DutyStamp duty is a tax charged when you buy shares, land or property. You pay 0.5 per cent in stamp duty whenever you buy UK shares. Thats £5 whenever you buy £1,000 worth of shares. It is levied on all UK share purchases, even those made under the umbrella of tax-free products such as ISAs and pensions. It is estimated that it costs everyone with a pension scheme £ a week in transaction charges. You dont pay UK stamp duty if you buy shares quoted on overseas stock exchanges.At present, National Insurance for employees becomes payable on earnings above £8 per week, or £4,615 a year, up to £585 a week, or £0,40.For 00-0, the level of NI payable on earnings between those two figures will be 10 per cent.From 6 April 00, this will change. The ceiling will be raised in line with inflation, to £0,40.In addition, in the 00-04 tax year, NI rises to 11 per cent between the lower and upper earnings limit. Earnings above the upper limit will face an additional 1 per cent charge.Effectively, this raises the higher rate of tax from 40 to 41 per cent.IV. National InsuranceV. Tax efficient investmentsPaying tax is unavoidable when youre planning on making money. But there are ways of reducing the chunks taken out of your hard-invested earnings. Here are a few of the possibilities. National Savings CertificatesThese pay tax-free interest, making them a useful shelter for higher rate taxpayers. Individual Savings Accounts (ISAs)You are allowed to contribute up to £7,000 in each tax year and your contributions are sheltered free of income tax and CGT. Investments can be in cash, shares or insurance-based products.5) Investment advisoryThere are two major factors that affect your return. The first is performance and second is the level of charges. This includes purchase costs, the regular charges imposed by fund management groups and if relevant, the advisor's fees. In this case I will be researching on my own, and I will make effective use of the key magazines for investors such as Investors` Chronicle, The Financial Times and specific websites such as www.investmentgateway.com and so on. At the same time I will make the effective use of the Internet investment resources in order to avoid further charges. 6) The attitude towards riskThe task is to quantify the level of risk and decide whether you feel comfortable with it. In other words to what extent I'm prepared to trade off higher risk against higher potential expectations and conversely higher potential losses? Portfolio theory can provide a guide to make this kind of decisions. If an asset like a bank deposit earns a fairly certain yield, that yield will be lower than the uncertain return on an asset like an ordinary share. The owner of the riskier asset is compensated for taking on greater risk by the possibility of much higher rewards. "The appropriate aphorism to encapsulate this concept might be "Nothing ventured, nothing gained." Younger investors like me, who are looking to save money on a regular basis, are likely to be less concerned about risk in the short term; if anything they will be looking for higher risk investments in order to take advantage of pound-cost averaging. According to my specific case the basic need for me is liquidity and therefore my investment goal must be focused towards a regular income. This means I will be settling in the low band of the pyramid of risk (see graph below) with its respective financial products. However my attitude to risk will vary since my other investment goal is a certain degree of capital growth (need to have the amount of 105000 plus inflation at the end of the term) and as mentioned before "Nothing ventured, nothing gained." This means at certain point I have too move to the adventurous band of the pyramid none the less trying to reduce that risk by diversifying the portfolio.


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Monday, September 14, 2020

French Revolution

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The French Revolution was an important milestone in the continent of Europe. It was a time of change and a major transformation of the society and political system of France. During the time of the Revolution France was undergoing a change from a monarchy to a republic. Some people in Europe had a say in if they wanted to make changes, but others didn't. They were forced to stay the way they were by the pope or other religious leaders. From the time the Revolution began to the time it ended was considered a growth of the economy. This war was one of the many wars that involved the religions. The popes and the bishops were the ones that made this war interesting. Back in the day the religious leaders were the source of the military and the leaders of peoples lives. The France Revolution all started when many people were not happy with the way the government was being ruled so they wanted to change it. Napoleon was a French man and the first of the Bonaparte's to be a general. Napoleon was one of the best generals there ever was he always fought for what was right but sometimes he made the wrong decision. Napoleon first went to school; he followed his father's influence and was educated at the expense of King Louis XVI. He graduated at the age of 16 he joined the artillery and became a second lieutenant. After the Revolution began he was made a lieutenant colonel in the Corsican National Guard. When Corsica declared independence Napoleon was assigned captain. Napoleon was a great leader and lead the French to a modern country and a civilized on at that. The French Revolution was a great part of history that everyone one should know about.


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Thursday, September 10, 2020

COLOR BLIND TO KILL A MOCKING BIRD ESSAY

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Color-BlindJustice within To Kill a Mockingbird In To Kill a Mockingbird Lee wrote about a black man named Tom Robinson, who has been accused of raping a very poor white girl named Mayella Ewell, when in all actuality he did nothing but help her out. Mayell taunted Tom and made advances on him but when she pulled a move on him her father saw and thought Tom was raping her, for which he was convicted for. This makes me ask, Can justice ever be color-blind? I thought that this was the main issue that Lee made in the book with a black man is being accused and found guilty even though all evidence points that he is innocent..


Being color-blind is not recognizing racial or class distinctions, this is an important part of finding true justice. Justice is the upholding of what is just, fair treatment and due reward in accordance with honor, standards, or law. People cannot be treated fairly when they are being judged by a bias society, especially when the bias is against them. People often relate to people with similar backgrounds, to the jury the Ewells were from the same racial background so it was only natural that they would be looked at as being truthful. First of all, he said, If you can learn a simple trick, Scout, youll get along a lot better with all kinds of folks. You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view- Sir? -until you climb into his skin and walk around in it. Page 0. There Atticus was telling Scout the importance of being well rounded and learning about everyone, basically walking in there shoes before you can fairly judge them. I don't think Atticus could have put it any better, if people would just take the initiative to see things in the eyes of others before judging them it would make the judicial process a lot more fair. Blacks and whites are more the same than different. We all have to look at the differences we have, we must realize that we are al equals and until then hatred and discrimination will still happen. When you really don't know a group of people and all you do is hear stories about them, you allow that to shape your image of them. Such as Scout did with Boo, she had never seen him she was only told stories about and she still was terrified of him. Thank who? I asked. Boo Radly. You were so busy looking at the fire you didnt know it when he put the blanket around you. My stomach turned to water and I nearly threw up when Jem held out the blanket and crept toward me. He sneaked out of the house-turn round-sneaked up, an went like this! Page 7. She didn't even know Boo all she did was heard stories, as a human she allowed the stories to shape a visual image for her. She saw Boo as a scary and inhuman, only because she didn't know him, just like the people who held Tom on trail didn't know him all they knew is stories about him and other black people so when they saw him on trail they saw him as another 'Boo'. And, they judged him on the stories they hears about blacks not the validity of his defense. Being Color-Blind doesn't always mean what color you are, its like a universal symbol that can have many meanings. Mr. Ewell wrote on the back of the envelope and looked up to see Judge Taylor looking at him as if he were some fragrant gardenia in full bloom on the witness stand , to see Mr. Gilmer half-sitting, half standing at his table. The jury was watching him, one man leaning over with his hands over the railing. Whats so interesting? he asked. Youre left handed Mr. Ewell, said Judge Taylor. Page 177. Mr. Ewell was a white man, he was also proven to be left handed in the court trail, this didn't make any sense at first until it was proven that Mayella was beating by a left handed man, and Tom couldn't use his left hand. Yet they did manage to find him guilty simply because they were color-blind, they were racist and in the end Tom was sent to jail. True justice can only be found when, race isn't a factor and presents someone from being treated fairly. For race not to be a factor people must distinguish the difference between a person and the stereotypes they know about the persons race, and only know the facts about the struggle the particular person has had. As the book To Kill A Mockingbird said it is a sin to kill a mockingbird, Harper lee showed us that people can be different but that shouldn't change anything we all have to get along. The mockingbird being a innocent person that has done no wrong, just because a mockingbird is a bird doesn't make it evil or worthy of death. Justice should be color-blind and in Harper Lee's Novel she showed what the impact of injustice can be.


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