The Nature of Price Changes

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The Effect of Price ChangesInflation has become an important fact of life in almost all countries of the world. As a result it is necessary to take into account the effects of price changes on financial reporting.We know that a change in price affects the purchasing power of a monetary unit. We have alternative methods of accounting for price changes. The main objective of purchasing-power accounting is to restate the unit of measure into a common denominator. The restatement means to a scale adjustment. For exampleI could say that I bought an accounting book for US $100 and I bought another accounting book for CDN $100. So I spent $00 US and CDN dollars. Saying like this is meaningless to me because the scale of measurement of the value of US and CDN dollar is different. I could say that I bought two books for US $171 or for CDN $40 if I assume that the exchange rate or price for US $ is CDN $1.40. So if the price of US$ changes, we have to adjust the scale of measurement. That is why it is very important that when we measure the current costs and the historical costs of the assets of a company we do understand the effect of price changes and of the resulted changes in purchasing power of a monetary unit.The Nature of Price ChangesPrices reflect the exchange value of goods and services in the economy. In general, these prices can be classified as either input prices or output prices. As we know, input prices are the prices of factors of production at intermediate stages and output prices are the prices charged by an enterprise for its final goods and services. One thing is sure that price changes occur only when the prices of goods or services are different from what they were previously in the same market. For example, if Company A purchases 100kg of Apples for $100 from Company B and resells it to Company C for $110, it is not price change. Price change will occur only if Company A now start charging Company B more or less than $100 per 100kg of Apples or Company B now start charging Company C more or less than $110 per 100kg of Apples or both Company A and Company B now start charging more or less for 100kg of Apples.Basically price changes can be divided in the classes as follows1. General Price Changes. Specific Price Changes. Relative Price ChangesGeneral Price-Level ChangesGeneral price-level changes reflect the value of the monetary unit over time. The total supply of money and the total supply of goods and services in the economy fluctuate, but not usually at the same rate. This disparity leads to inflation or deflation, changing the value of the monetary unit. Changes in commodity prices or a discrepancy between total supply and demand of goods and services can also lead to general price changes. Because prices change at different rates, general price changes can only be measured by calculating the average level of current prices and comparing it with a base period. Products and services change over time and good comparisons can only be drawn if goods and services are the same or similar at both dates. The ratio between the current prices and the base prices reflect the change in the price index. For example, if the base period is 18 and prices have increased by 50% between 18 and 00, the index will be 150 in 00. The reciprocal of this ratio expresses the change in purchasing power. Thus, while prices have increased by 50%, purchasing power has decreased by one third. Purchasing power refers to the amount of goods and services that can be purchased with a monetary unit. General purchasing power refers to the ability to purchase all types of goods and services whereas specific purchasing power refers to the ability to purchase specific goods and services. The Consumer Price Index is a measure which falls between general and specific purchasing power. While the CPI measures the change in price of specific goods and services commonly bought by all consumers, it is extensive enough to be considered to be a general index. Specific Price ChangesSpecific price change is the change in the price of a particular commodity, or the change in its exchange value. Specific price changes are caused by some factors specific to the commodity, such as - Changes in tastes of consumers- Technological improvements- Speculation- Natural or artificial changes in the supply of particular products, etcFor example, the price of a 1¡± TOSHIBA TV in 188 is $750, while in 00 is around $00. Why the price of the same TV dropped so much in years?- Consumer tastes Consumers are looking for TVs with finer video and audio quality, larger screens, better design, or even game and internet functions. - Technological improvements New video and audio technology has made current TVs more enjoyable. In addition, improved technology has significantly lowered TV production costs.- Changes in the supply Consumers nowadays have more TV brands to choose from. TVs imported from developing countries have intensified market competition and dragged down market price.How do we recognize the specific price changes in accounting? In traditional accounting, the historical cost basis is used. The original transaction price of goods or services acquired is matched with the revenue associated with the period or the goods sold. Therefore, changes in the specific input prices of goods sold are included in the computation of the reported net income for the period.Current sales price ¨C Historical cost = IncomeFor example, Commodity A was purchased in January 00 at $10 each. When it¡¯s sold at $15 in January 00, it can be purchased at the market for $1. Under traditional approach, income = 15-10 = $5. The price increase $ is absorbed into net income.A more relevant matching is the current cost basis. The current input prices are matched with the current output (revenue) prices. The price changes, which are the differences between current and historical input prices, are treated as holding gains (increase) and holding loss (decrease). In the example above, current income of Commodity A = 15-1 = $. Holding gain = 1-10 = $.Current sales price ¨C Current replacement cost = IncomeThe current cost approach is more relevant as a measure of operating efficiency and as a better basis for predicting the results of future transactions. Therefore it¡¯s more relevant in meeting the objectives of financial report users. However, an objection is frequently made regarding the use of current costs, on the ground that a subjective value is substituted for a verifiable exchange price (historical cost). In addition, current input prices can be assumed to represent current costs to the firm only if the firm generally purchases the same types of assets and is continuing to do so, while this is usually not the case in reality.Relative Price ChangesNormally speaking, prices of different goods and services do not move in sync with each other, much less in the same direction. A relative price change is defined as the change in the price of a specific commodity as compared to an index such as the Consumer Price Index. For example, if the Consumer Price Index increased by 10% over last year and car insurance doubled in the Maritimes, we can say that the relative price increase in car insurance is approximately 8%.How do price changes impact accounting? Traditionally since accounting uses historical costs, price changes are not isolated and reported separately. All gains and losses are hidden in the bottom line. However the various income statement and balance sheet accounts can be adjusted for general price level changes through the use of foreign exchange gains and losses accounts. But any gains or losses from specific price changes would not be measured and separated from net income.If instead we chose to use current costs instead of historical costs, net income can still be measured without the effects of price changes. But this would require that all accounts be adjusted for both the effects of general as well as specific price changes. The complexity of this exercise is probably one reason why historical costs are still used.SummaryA general price change is defined as the change in the value of a monetary unit such as the Canadian dollar. Some examples would be a decrease in the value of the dollar due to an increase in the money supply from overprinting or an increase in value due to demand from foreign investors wishing to invest in Canada.As was explained earlier, specific price changes are not due to movements in the exchange value of the Canadian dollar but are caused by more specific reasons such as changes in technology, or changes in the supply of goods available. Some examples would be changes to the prices of a given computer; they tend to decline in price over time. Another example would be changes to the price of crude oil as OPEC manipulates it.Relative price changes occur when goods or services increase or decrease in value relative to a standard such as the Consumer Price Index.

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Consumer Behavior

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The study of consumers helps firms and organizations improve their marketing strategies by understanding issues such as the psychology of how consumers think, feel, reason, and select between different alternatives; the psychology of how the consumer is influenced by his or her environment; the behavior of consumers while shopping or making other marketing decisions; limitations in consumer knowledge; and how marketers can adapt and improve their marketing campaigns and marketing strategies to more effectively reach the consumer. Understanding these issues and others helps us adapt our strategies by taking the consumer into consideration. By understanding the consumer, we will be able to make a more informed decision as to which marketing strategy to employ.For the first category, a mundane product or service that cost $5 or less, I interviewed my friend Ben Umanous. Ben is a freshman in college, 1 years old. He is of Filipino decent but is essentially American. The product that Ben purchased was a DVD, a Jackie Chan movie, First Strike, that was on sale for $4. at Best Buy. Ben had previously viewed this movie and enjoyed it immensely. If he were to own the movie he would be able to enjoy it whenever he wanted. Along with the fact that he really liked the movie, he would be able to view it anytime he pleased, Ben also has a DVD collection that he is building upon. He wanted to add another Jackie Chan movie to the collection. That fact that it was a DVD was a very important attribute. Had it been a VHS of the same movie Ben would not have made the purchase. The final attribute was the price. It was incredibly inexpensive compare to the normal price of a DVD. Several buyer characteristics that influenced the purchase were Ben's want for a Jackie Chan movie, as well as his collection of DVD's. In this situation the price was merely an added bonus. Ben stated that he would probably have still purchased the movie had it been full price. This movie in particular was high on his list of purchases to make. He went to best buy specifically looking for a DVD to buy. He already wanted to own this movie and the fact that it was only sale only further convinced him to purchase it. There were several other alternatives that he was considering, but they were all DVD's that he had enjoyed. Videotapes were not alternatives because Ben would not buy and movie on VHS no matter what the price. The final decision to purchase the product was a combination of want for the product, price and the fact that it was available; he had not seen it at many other stores. This was a first time purchase of this DVD but not a first time purchase of a DVD from Best Buy. Ben chose to go to best buy because he knows that the selection is good as well as low prices. Ben was very satisfied and will definitely return to Best Buy for DVD's as well as other things in the future.For the Second category I talked with a friend, Sterling Haukom about how she had recently purchased a pair of Harley Davison boots for $110.00. Sterling is also a student; she is 1 years old and is mulatto. Several people who played roles in the decision making process were her parents, Don and Pam Haukom. They were helping purchase the boots and had to approve of them before they were bought. The buying of the boots solved Sterling's want or need for a new pair of boots. Several product attributes that were very important to Sterling when she considered the boots were color, they needed to be black, they style she was looking for, and of good quality. The brand was only important to her because it represented good quality. The fact that Sterling likes boots in general was a characteristic of her that impacted the purchase. Several external and internal factors that triggered the need awareness was the fact that boots are in style she set out to buy boots. Factors that caused her to buy the boots she purchased in particular were the style of the boot, she liked the way they looked, price mattered but the trade off of good quality was worth it. Pam (Sterling's mom) was the one who spotted the boots while they were shopping. They were shopping specifically for boots. They had visited several other stores and there were definitely other alternatives but the style of the Harley Davison boots best fit the kind of person she is. The final choice to purchase the boots was determined by the fact that they best fulfilled the mental image of what she wanted her boots to look like, and they were of good quality so they would last a long time. It was Sterling's second time buying Harley Davidson boot, but her first time buying boots of that style. The boots were purchased there because that was the only place she knew of where the boots were being sold, she liked them, and could afford them. Sterling was very satisfied and she would purchase them again.

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Olay...something to register

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Lucy

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LucyWe had just got in the door when the phone rang. I ran to get it but before I could get to it the ringing stopped. I walked slowly to the door observing the things on the wall. Every thing seemed so strange as if I had never lived there before. I didn't really know why I had only been away two weeks. I grabbed my bag and went to my room to start unpacking. I couldn't wait to phone all my friends. I can't believe it but I was actually excited about going back to school. About ten minutes later the phone rang again I got up from my bed only to see that mum had already answered it. I heard her saying "Gwen" that's my aunt's name. It seemed strange that she was phoning so soon we had only been in fifteen minutes, maybe she had missed us so much she just couldn't wait I doubted it though because we only spoke to her about every three weeks. I didn't really know what was going on, I tried to listen but mums words were mumbled so I didn't really catch much. I hadn't asked yet but I was going too soon, I had missed her so much. Lucy of course she's my cat. I hadn't seen her for three weeks she went to my aunts the week before we left. The house was like without her. Mum came off the phone. "When are we going to get Lucy?" I asked mum.Buy cheap Lucy term paper

I had a suspicion that the phone call was about that. I didn't want to say too much."We are going to see her now "replied mum "Come on then, get your things and get in the car. We don't want to be to long" Although this was a bit strange, I just went along with it .Mum had to tell me sometime soon about what was going on.We drove along as normal then mum told me."There's something wrong with Lucy's eye we need to take her to the vets" mum said softly"That's all "I yelled "sssh you don't need to shout ,your right next to me . Anyway we won't know what's really wrong until we take her to the vets.""Why didn't Gwen take her to the vets?" I asked puzzled "I'm not quite sure, I think she wanted to wait and get our consent first," laughed mumAs we drove along Blackness road I looked for the green snake in the window. There it was number 116 and as usual no parking spaces outside luckily there was one across the road we parked and climbed out the car. Now the hard part crossing the road. Mum grabbed my hand as if it was a leash, pulled it and we ran across the road just dodging a car. Then she gave me a lecture about not doing that ever again and how I must always use a crossing if there is one. Typical .I ran up to the door I was so exited I couldn't wait to see Lucy Gwen opened the door, she must of seen us coming. "Hey come on in. Tea, coffee or biscuit perhaps? Oh how was your holiday, did you have a good time have any pictures? Don't stand there sit down I'll be through in a min with the drinks." We always had the same to drink, I don't really know why. Mum would have a tea with lots of milk and no sugar and I would have ribena. Gwen always made it way to strong; still at least it was drinkable. I wondered through to the kitchen to find Lucy. She was sitting beside her water bowl eating cat biscuits that had fallen on the floor round her mat. It seemed unusual she is a very fussy cat and doesn't usually eat half the food that is put out on her plate. I stroked her she was molting everywhere still it seemed she was still eating she hadn't lost any weight, if any thing she had put on weight. Gwen always spoilt her. Then I noticed it the big, swollen, horrible, soggy, bulge on her eye It looked like some sort of nasty infection, I couldn't be sure though. Hopefully it wouldn't be that bad. She did look pretty sick.After chatting for some time mum decided it was time to go because the vet would be shutting soon .Mum always gets way too caught up in her conversations. It's like two annoying flies that I can't swat away. Usually mum takes at least five minutes to say her good byes but this time we literally just left. I didn't know what time it was because I had lost my watch again but, I presumed we were running pretty late. When as we dashed out mum realized that we had forgotten the most important thing Lucy. Mum ran and I waited by the curb. It was only a matter of seconds before mum was back out holding the cat carry. I waited on that side whilst mum turned the car round. I jumped in the car and we headed for Clepington road. That was where the vet was. Strange I never liked the name it scared me. I felt sorry for Lucy meowing she had never liked traveling in the car, it was always really stressing for her. After waiting several minutes we were called in to the theatre. I opened the door of the cat carry and Lucy ran on to the table. The vet did the thing they always do, the check up thing. Then we heard the news"Lucy's eye doesn't look good do you know what happened?" Martin (our vet) asked softly"We're not sure really. We went on holiday for to weeks and when we came back today it looked like this. Is it an infection? "Replied mum She seemed shocked I could tell by the look on Martins face that it was more serous than we thought."Well can you tell us what's wrong with her? " I said in a demanding voice "Be polite! "Mum snapped I could see she was angry."Well," sighed Martin "I hate having to give bad news but I think Lucy has cancer.""Oh is it really bad, is she going to die?" I inquired "Come on lets not talk about this now, I had better get you off to bed," Yawned mum "see you in a week martin.On the way all I could think about was CANCER. What type of cancer? Was Lucy going to die, or could she have an operation? Was it really cancer? How big would the lump get? At this stage know one knew.Mum seemed angry with me, so I did as told and went straight to bed .I could hear her later talking on the phone to Gwen. This time I knew what it was about so there was no need to try and listen in on the conversation. I just went to sleep. The next few days seemed to be ok. My friends were giving me sympathy, we always had guests coming to visit and see how Lucy was doing. I think she was having a great time even though it didn't look it we were feeding her fresh prawns and luxury cat foods, which some cats could only dream of eating. Come to think about it now we must have spent a fortune on her. Maybe if the lump on her face was sore it might not of been as great I couldn't tell what she was thinking, I could only guess. As days went bye she became more and more poorly. I started worrying at school about her, weather she would still be there when I got back and If the lump would explode (doubted that one).We kept having to take her to the vets to get injections to keep her stable . I knew it was going to come some day soon. At first I thought it was going to be just a simple eye infection but it turned out to be cancer. We could have done an operation to remove the cancer but she was 16 which is old for a cat so we didn't want to put her through it plus we didn't really have the money to pay for it. I came home on Wednesday Mum was sitting on the sofa stroking Lucy. I walked over and sat next to her we cried. Then she told me She and Frank were taking Lucy to the vets on Friday to be "put to sleep" I couldn't believe it not only was I not coming but She hadn't even asked me If I thought that it was the right time. I was furious I ran to my room screaming and crying! I was in there for about half an hour but, it seemed ages. I came out and mum explained that she thought it would be best if I didn't see it, but in the end I managed to persuade her to let me come. She had been there all my life and now she was going to go, I couldn't imagine life with out her. I was so sad, I just couldn't stop crying. What would I get as another pet? Nothing could replace her. The night went on mum was very distressed we could both see that Lucy was in pain as we fed her some prawns and cat milk they were her favorites. About five minutes later mum told me that she had called the surgery and Frank and that we were taking Lucy in to night. I was so shocked I didn't know what to do. I didn't have any time to do any thing though, the wets was closing at half seven and we didn't have much time. We met frank outside the vets and waited in the reception area. Mum gave me one last chance to stay behind."Are you sure you want to do this?" cried mum"Yes mum I'm sure, can we just go in now." I shouted Mum could see I was angry so she daren't say any thing else. We walked in and Mum placed Lucy on the table. Her eye looked like a big red beetroot just waiting to explode. We had martin again, he went into the back room. I presumed that he was getting the injection ready. He came out holding a syringe with clear liquid in it; I almost couldn't bear to look. He took hold of Lucy's neck and inserted the needle it was like seeing it all in slow motion. I turned round and squeezed mums hand tightly. "Its done now." sighed Martin.I could see she was still alive her stomach was moving up and down but every second it got slower, slower and slower. Then about ten seconds later It stopped the moment had finally come she was goneIt was hard the next few days getting along with out her. There was no Lucy on the sofa when I got home, no Lucy on my bed when I woke up in the morning; no Lucy at all.

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Crisis in the Middle East

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For many years, there has been an on going conflict with Israel and Arab nations. This is referred as the Arab-Israeli conflict. These conflicts has created tremendous amount of tension, and conflict in the Middle East and the United States. About 0 percent of all Arabs are Muslims. The conflict has included several wars between Israel and certain Arab countries that have opposed Israels existence. Israel was formed in 148. The conflict has also involved a struggle by Palestinian Arabs to establish their own country in some or all of the land occupied by Israel. The Arab-Israeli conflict is the continuation of an Arab-Jewish struggle that began in the early 100s for control of Palestine. Palestine today consists of Israel and the areas known as the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. The Palestinians lived in the region long before Jews began moving there in large numbers in the late 1800s. The Arab-Israeli conflict has been hard to resolve. In 17, Egypt became the first Arab country to sign a peace treaty with Israel. Jordan, another Arab country, signed a peace treaty with Israel in 14. But Israel has not made final peace agreements with Syria or with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). The PLO is a political body that represents the Palestinian people. This organization practices terrorist activity and guerilla warfare which creates a whole other issue in itself. In the mid-1800s, Jewish intellectuals in Europe began to support the idea that Jews should settle in Palestine, which the Bible describes as the Jews ancient homeland. The idea that Jews should settle in Palestine became known as Zionism. In the 1800s, Palestine was controlled by the Ottoman Empire, which was centered in present-day Turkey.Zionism became an important political movement among Jews in Europe because of increasing anti-Semitism. The anti-Semitism resulted in violent attacks on Jews and their property. In the 1800s, many European Jews, traveled to Palestine to escape religious persecution. At first, many of the immigrants and the Palestinian Arabs lived together peacefully. But as more Jews arrived, conflicts between the two groups increased.

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After World War I ended in 118, the United Kingdom gained control of Palestine from the Ottoman Empire. In the Balfour Declaration of 117, the United Kingdom had supported creating a national homeland for the Jews. Under British rule, the Jewish population of Palestine continued to grow. During World War II, a German dictator Adolf Hitler tried to kill all of Europes Jews. About 6 million Jews were murdered. After the war, most of the countries that defeated Germany supported the idea of creating a new Jewish state where Jews would be safe from persecution. November 147, the United Nations approved a plan to divide Palestine into two states, one Jewish and the other Palestinian. Zionist leaders accepted the plan, but Arab governments and the Palestinians saw it as robbing them of there land by the Jews. British rule on Palestine ended when Zionists proclaimed the state of Israel on May 14, 148. The next day, Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Iraq attacked Israel. Israel fought back. In the war, Israel absorbed much of the land the UN had set aside for the Palestinians. Egypt and Jordan occupied the rest of the area that was assigned to the Palestinians. Egypt held the Gaza Strip, a small area between Israel and the Mediterranean Sea. Jordan held the West Bank, a territory between Israel and the Jordan River. By August 14, Israel and all five Arab states had agreed to end the fighting. Because of the war, about 700,000 Palestinians became refugees. Most of the refugees fled to Jordan, or Syria. During the 150s, nationalism spread among the Arab countries of the Middle East. Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser and his followers sought to rid Arab lands of the influence of Western nations. Israel and other European countries planned to take control of the Suez Canal from Egypt. They defeated Egypt and also gained control over the Sinai Peninsula. This angered PLO and Egypt and decided to attack Israel on Yum kipper, the holiest Jewish holiday of the year. Israel did not expect this attack and this is referred to as the War of 17. Treaties were signed to recognize Israel as a state, and in return the PLO was recognized as the representative of the Arab people. Also, Israel gave land the Gaza Strip and much of the cites in the West Bank to PLO. Currently in 00, Israel now occupies most of the Gaza Strip and West Bank due to attacks in the year 000 regarding the status of Jerusalem. In conclusion I don't feel there will ever be peace between Israel and Arab nations even though I hope there would be. Constant battles over land are still going on, and creating peace in the middle east will almost be impossible.

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Globalisation and Risk

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Globalisation and RiskGlobalisation is a complex set of processes involving the integration of political, technological and cultural, as well as economies. It is describes a number of processed by which culture, people, companies and information are able to move freely and quickly around the world, unimpeded by national borders or other territorial limitations. (Wild, Wild, Han, 001 6) Globalisation influences our everyday life, such as increase risk, change tradition and family, and so forth. This essay focuses on the effects of globalisation on risk.Globalisation had both positive and negative effects on risk. According to Giddens's view that risks are bound up with globalisation, it is a double-edged. On one hand, it is the certain dynamic of an innovative society and a core element of economy development; on the other hand, ecological risk has become the most serious problem facing world society. (Harry, C. B.17) agree with this point, Harry said the same view in his book that we are clearly moving into a high-risk world, global risk had both positive and negative impacts on the world's economic and ecological balances. (Harry, C. B.17 xii)I agree with their views, absolutely. Risk deeply involved with our life transformation. Whats happened in our lifetime is a transformation from one type of risk environment to another. There is much discussion of financial risk, where risk is essentially a positive wealth-generating thing. The scope of financial globalisation is a testament to the markets ability to respond to new opportunities. In instance, post-communist countries are benefiting from the increasing globalisation of financial services. Such as cross-border banking, which brings not only financial resources, but also the critical transfer of financial technologies. Also, along globalisation, tourism rapidly growing on international tourists, the economic benefits of international tourism are regarded as a contribution of foreign exchange earning and the balance of payments, the improvement of economic structures, and so on. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council, tourism will represent 11.5 per cent of world GDP by the year 006, at $7.1 trillion, and will then employ around 85 million people. (J. C. H. 184)

There is also much discussion of ecological risk, where risk is essentially a negative thing. Such as global climate change and its accompanying risks. There are directly influence by the intensifying globalisation. In instance, July 18 was possibly the hottest month in the world history. In Eilat, in Israel, temperatures rose to almost 46 degrees centigrade, while water consumption in the country went up by 40 per cent. (000) The rate of temperature increase predicted would force ecosystems to migrate quickly in order to survive. Some types of plants and animals are able to migrate more quickly than others and this could also cause problems. Insect pests are likely to migrate faster than their predators, and this could cause plagues of insects further damaging threatened ecosystems. Water expands as it warms. The expansion of the worlds oceans in addition to the melting of glacial ice masses would result in sea levels rising. Some calculate increases of 0.5-1.0 m, which would displace hundreds of millions of people worldwide who live near existing coastlines. Worldwide agricultural production would be effected. Some low-lying countries such as Bangladesh and the Maldive Islands would virtually disappear under water. Coastal wetlands, which play important ecological roles and provide homes for large numbers of species, would also be destroyed. (Global Warming, http//www.stewardwood.org)Risks are very close connecting with globalisation; many of the risk affect our life, no matter where we live, how we live, who we are. These things are coming together in the real world, and we have to bring them together in the way in which we think about them. A lot of business, a lot of government, a lot of the management of technology is essentially about the sophistication of risk management. We have to deal with such a complex situation, which is exploring the edge between the positive and negative sides of risk. World obviously need risk; no one lives a life without actively embracing risk. And the question for all of us is how you find an appropriate balance between these two sides, especially when you dont know in advance what the consequences of scientific innovation or social change will be. BibliographyGlobal Warming, Internet WWW page at URL http//www.stewardwood.org/resources/globalwarming.htm(00) Runaway world How globalisation is reshaping our lives, London Profile Books LtdJ, Christopher, H. (18) The business of tourism, New York Addison Wesley Longman Ltd. Harry, C. B (17) Global challenges, New York New York 1001Wild, J. J. Wild, K.L. & Han, J.C.Y International business, an integrated approach, Prentice Hall, New Jersey

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Is it difficult for the modern reader to enjoy a tale that is consistently hostile to women?

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It is difficult for the modern reader to enjoy a tale that is consistently hostile to women'?Many writings during the middle-ages were anti-feminist and these beliefs were often based on the biblical story of Eve being tempted in the garden of eden, causing mankind to be banished from paradise. Women were commonly believed, during these medieval times, to be deceitful, unduly emotional and unfaithful. Anti-feminist writings would highlight the lack of rights of women in contrast to the superiority of men. The main female character in the Merchants Tale, May, is portrayed as being deceitful and unfaithful in her affair with her husband's page, Damyan. May is shown to be 'bought' by her husband Januarie into a marriage whereby her main purpose is for sex and of providing an heir to Januaries estate. May is also of a lower social status than Januarie and can therefore be viewed as being powerless in the marriage arrangement as she is dependent on him. Based merely on these points the tale could be viewed as being consistently hostile to women, however Chaucer does provide the reader with differing perspectives and an overview of love and marriage. I feel that Chaucer remains objective in the tale of Januarie and May through the use of irony, mythology and references to other literature and in doing so criticises and makes fun of all the characters, male and female, especially Januarie. Chaucer often makes fun of Januarie's self-delusion and ignorance and so the reader is able to see May progress to a more powerful position within the marriage. In contrast Januarie becomes increasing reliant and dependent within the marriage. Therefore I feel that although in part the tale is hostile to women, it is not consistently hostile and does provide an objective perspective on the subject of love and marriage which enables the modern reader to enjoy the tale.The tale begins with a passage that is clearly anti-feminist, whereby the merchant expresses his views of women to the other pilgrims. ' I have a wife, the worste that may be. For thogh the feend to hire ycoupled were, she would overmacche, I dare wel swere'. The merchant ends his introduction by stating that he can tell no more of his sorry story, '' Gladly' quod he 'but of myn owene soore, for soory herte, I tell may namoore'. Instead the merchant goes on to tell the story of a knight called Januarie and his 'lovely May'. I feel that Chaucer uses the aforementioned quote to give the reader insight that the story of the knight will be similar to the experience of the merchant. This may lead the reader into shaping their opinions and views of the characters in relation to the anti-feminist introduction. In other words, the reader will be waiting in anticipation for the female character, May, to live up to the female stereo-type created by the passage, of behaving in a deceitful and unfaithful manner. Based on this first passage the tale can be viewed as being hostile to women although it is not yet possible to comment on the consistency of the hositility.The merchant progresses to tell his tale about a knight called Januarie, who lived in Lombardy, notably renowned for its banks and brothels (which highlights the central themes of the tale of money, power and sex). Januarie lived much of his life in a care-free and promiscuous manner. On reaching sixty, Januarie decides that he wants a wife, ' and namely whan a man is oold and of hoor, thane is a wyf the fruit of his tresor'. Januarie wants a wife like 'warm wex' that he can shape and control. The way in which Januarie embarks on choosing a wife can be likened to a financial transaction and one in which the chosen girl is powerless. To enable Januarie to choose an appropriate girl, he seeks the conflicting advice of his brothers Placebo and Justinus. The passage (lines 5 to 48) can be viewed as being hostile to women as the men discuss the virtues and danger of marriage and women. Justinus provides Januarie with cautionary advice about women and tells him to find out beforehand 'wher she be wys, or drokelewe or a wastour of thy good'. He advises that 'with any wyf, if so were she hadde mo goode thewes than hire vices badde' and gives Januarie three years of happiness at most. The advice of Justinus is particularly hostile to women as he assumes all women to be bad and requires proof of any virtues they might have. January goes against the advice of Justinus, with the blessing of Placebo (who lives up to his name) and seeks a wife of his own choice ' chees hir of his owene auctoritee and he discovered ' a mayden in the toun of beautee' who despite her 'smal degree' socially would appear to have desired attributes of a 'myddel small, and armes long and sclendre'. Justinus again urges caution that 'Paraunter she may be youre purgatorie. She be Goddes meene and Goddes whippe, thane shal youre soule up to heven skippe sifter than dooth an arwe out of a bowe'.

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Based on the fact that Januarie chooses a girl and endeavours to 'own' her in what is represented as a financial transaction of marriage, makes this part of the tale hostile to women. The feelings or wants of May are not taken into consideration and the decision process is based merely on the wants and desires of Januarie. May is therefore portrayed as being powerless in the marriage, which takes place later on in the tale. As previously mentioned, this passage read in isolation is hostile to women whereby they are negatively stereo-typed and are given no rights. Januarie views marriage, purely for economic and personal gain. However it is necessary to take into consideration the tale as whole to determine whether it is difficult for the modern reader to enjoy.The merchant's tale is told from a male perspective and I have illustrated passages that are hostile to women. However, Chaucer does provide the reader with different perspectives on love and marriage through the use of irony, humour and sarcasm. Chaucer uses humour and sarcasm to make fun of Januarie 'He was al coltish, ful of ragerye, and full of jargon as a flekked pye. The slake skin aboute his nekke shaketh. Whil that he sang, so chaunteth he and craketh'. Chaucer also highlights Januaries self-delusion and ignorance of entering into a marriage with a young beautiful women 'Whan tender youthe hath wedded stouping age, ther is swich mirthe that it may nat be writen' and so the tale is not merely hostile to women. After Januarie and May get married, Damyan is properly introduced to the reader and can be compared to the serpent in the Garden of Eden. Damyan demonstrates traditional courtly love and is 'dying' from the pain of love/lust he feels for May. The passage, lines 686 to 754 clearly shows how Chaucer repeatedly uses irony and humour to present Januarie as being ignorant and stupid as he becomes instrumental in bringing Damyan and May together to have an affair and thus introduces the serpent into his own Garden of Eden (the paradise he created on earth through marriage and his walled garden). On hearing of Damyans absence, (due to the pain of love) Januarie declares to his wife that she must go and visit him. ''Dame,' quod this Januarie 'taak good hede, at after-mete ye with youre women alle, whan ye han been in chamber out of this halle, that alle ye go se this Damyan. Dooth him disport-he is a gentil man.'. The reader is given an insight into what will happen with Damyan and May and so Januarie is presented as being ignorant and stupid. Januarie is consistently made to look old and undesirable to May which makes him vulnerable in the marriage. 'But lest that precious folk be with me wroth, how that he wroghte, I dar nat to yow telle; or wheither hire thoughte it paradis or helle.' Chaucer places May in a more powerful position within the marriage as Januarie becomes increasingly vulnerable, especially after he becomes blind. This passage proves that Chaucer is not merely hostile to women but also to the men in the tale and so enables the modern reader to enjoy the Merchants Tale as it is a very humorous story.To conclude, although the tale can be viewed as being hostile to women and May does actually live up to the negative stereotypical behaviour of becoming unfaithful, I feel that the tale is equally hostile to men. The balance means that the reader is able to enjoy the tale in the manner that it was meant, to provide humour and fun on the serious subject of love and marriage.

Please note that this sample paper on Is it difficult for the modern reader to enjoy a tale that is consistently hostile to women? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Is it difficult for the modern reader to enjoy a tale that is consistently hostile to women?, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Is it difficult for the modern reader to enjoy a tale that is consistently hostile to women? will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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