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Chapter 15 Major Institutions 1) Family of Orgin- Family into which you are borned. ) Family of Procreation- Family that you will begin when you marry and have children.
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) Nuclear Family- You, your partner, your siblings or you, your spouse, and your children. 4) Binuclear Family- A family in which the members live in two separate households. 5) Extended Family- Not only your nuclear family but extended family as well.Structural Functionalism- Views the family as an institution with values, norms, and activities meant to provide stability for the larger society.Conflict Framework- Recognize that family members have different goals and values that result in conflict.Symbolic Interaction Framework- Marriage and families represent symbolic worlds in which the various members give meaning to each other's behavior. Looking Glass Self- The image people have of themselves is based on the reflection of what other people tell them about themselves. Self-Fulfilling Prophecy- Once people define situations and the behaviors they are expected to engage in, they are able to behave toward one another in predictable ways.Chapter Role- Beliefs about the proper role relationships between men and women in any given society.Status- A social position within a group or society.Belief- Functions-Theories of Gender Role Development- Sociobiology- A theory that emphasizes that there are biological explanations for social behavior. Social Learning Theory- Emphasizes the roles of reward and punishment in explaining how a child learns gender role behavior. Cognitive Developmental Theory- Reflects a blend of biological and social learning views.Chapter Steinberg's Triangular Elements of Love Passion Intimacy CommitmentLove Styles Ludic- Views love as a game, refuses to become dependant on any one person, and does not encourage another's intimacy. Pragma- Exhibits love that is rational and logical. Does not become involved in interracial, long-distance, or age discrepant partners because logic argues against doing so. Eros- The erotic lover is consumed by passion and romance. Mania- A person with a mania love style feels intense emotion and sexual passion but is out of control. Storage- A calm, soothing, nonsexual love devoid of intense passion. Agape- Love that is selfless and giving, expecting nothing in return. The love parents have for their children is often described as the agape love style. Theories of Origin of Love Evolutionary Theory- Love has an evolutionary purpose by providing a bonding mechanism between the parents during the time their offspring are dependant infants. Learning Theory- Emphasizes that love feelings develop in response to certain behaviors occurring in certain contexts. Psychosexual Theory- Love results from blocked biological sexual desires. Ego-Ideal Theory- Says that love springs from a state of dissatisfaction with oneself and represents a vain urge to reach one's "ego-ideal". Biochemical Theory- Emphasizes that hormones and chemicals are an important basis for love. Attachment Theory- Emphasizes that a primary motivation in life is to be connected with other people.Chapter 4Bundling- A courtship custom practiced by the Puritans. It involved the would-be groom sleeping in the girls bed in her parent's home. Both partners were to be fully clothed, and a board was placed between them.Consequences of Meeting Partner Online -Potential to fall in love quickly as a result of intense mutual disclosure. -Not being able to observe non-verbal cues/gestures. -Moving too quickly throughout the relationship (E-Mail to phone to meeting to marriage) -DeceptionTypes of Cohabitation Here and Now- Partners have an emotional/sexual relationship and want to live together because they enjoy each other. Focused on the here and now, not the future of the relationship. Testers- Involved partners who want to assess whether staying together and getting married would be right for them. Engaged- The partners are formally engaged and want to live together until the wedding. Money Savers- The partners live together primarily out of economic convenience. Separated- These are couples in which one or both partners are formally separated from previous spouses. They are living together until the divorce is final. Pension Partners- Partners are living together because marriage would result in the loss of benefits from a previous marriage. (Widow receiving SS/pension benefits.) Cohabitants Forever- Some couples view living together as a permanent alternative to marriage. Domestic Partnership- A homosexual relationship in which individuals who live together are emotionally and financially interdependent and are given some kind of official recognition by a city or corporation to receive partner benefits. Chapter 5Endogamy- Cultural expectation to select a marriage partner within one's own social group, such as race, religion, and social class.Exogamy- In mate selection, the social expectation that you will marry outside of your family group and avoid sex and marriage with a sibling or other close relative.Homogamy- In mate selection, selecting someone with similar characteristics, such as interests, values, age, race, religion, and education.Propinquity- The tendency to marry someone who lives and works in the same social context.Theories of Mate Selection Complementary Needs Theory- States that we tend to select mates whose needs are opposite and complementary to our own needs. Exchange Theory- Based on assessing who offers the greatest rewards at the lowest cost. Prin. Of Least Interest- States the the person who has the least interest in the relationship controls the relationship.Parental Characteristics- A man looks for a wife who has the similar characteristics to those of his mother and vice versa for the woman.Chapter 6 Stereotypes of Being Single Ugly Homosexual "Bitch"Single Parenting and it's Effects(face numerous challenges, including some of the following issues) Satisfaction of the emotional and disciplinary needs of the child. Satisfaction of adult emotional needs. Satisfaction of adult sexual needs. Lack of Money. Guardianship. Prenatal Care Negative life outcomes for the child. Absence of a father.How do people view themselves if asked if they are homosexual?How does religion act toward someone being gay? Most religions teach that homosexuality is sinful and prohibited by God. The Catholic Church rejects all homosexual expression.Chapter 7What is marital commitment? The intent to maintain and stay in a relationship.Cultural Differences in Marriage Chinese, Japanese, and Korean marriages are regarded less as a commitment of the spouses to each other and more as a commitment to the eldest male offspring, who marries to support the family of his parents. The wife moves into the husband's parent's home where she is expected to cook, clean, and be obedient to the wishes of her husband's parents. African-American marriages have very strong family ties. Rite of Passage- An event that marks the transition from one social status to another. Starting school, getting a drivers license, and graduating from high school or college are all examples.Chapter 8Techniques of Effective Communication1. Make communication a priority. Establish and maintain eye contact.. Ask open-ended questions.4. Use reflective listening.5. Use "I" statements.6. Avoid brutal criticism.7. Say positive things about your partner.8. Tell your partner what you want.. Stay focused on the issue.10. Make specific resolutions to disagreements.11. Give congruent messages.1. Share power.1. Keep the process of communication going.14. Fight fair.Defense Mechanisms Escapism- The simultaneous denial and withdrawal from a problem. Rationalization- The cognitive justification for one's own behavior that unconsciously conceals one's true motives. Projection- This occurs when one spouse unconsciously attributes his or her own feelings, attitudes, or desires to the partner. For example, the wife who desires to have an affair may accuse her husband of being unfaithful to her. Displacement- This involves shifting your feelings, thoughts, or behaviors from the person who evokes them onto someone else. Chapter Absolutism- Refers to a belief system based on unconditional allegiance to the authority of science, law, tradition, or religion.Relativism- This is a value system that emphasizes that decisions should be made in the context of a particular situation (hence, values are relative).Hedonism- The belief that the ultimate value and motivation for human actions lie in the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain. "If it feels good, do it."What are the behaviors associated with contracting HIV? Engaging in casual sex. Using no form of contraception.Spectatoring- It is an obstacle of sexual functioning which involves mentally observing your sexual performance and that of your partner.Chapter 10What motivates people to have children? Family Friends Religion Government Cultural ObservancesWhat are the benefits of being an only child? You get all of the attention.Reproduction Technologies Hormone Therapy- Induce ovulation Artificial Insemination- Sperm is deposited directly into the cervix. Surrogate Mother- A fertilized egg is placed in the uterus of another woman. Ovum Transfer- The sperm of a male is deposited into a surrogate mother. In Vitro Fertilization- Embryo is created in a lab using egg and sperm from a couple.Risks of taking Fertility Drugs Having twins or triplets. Different Types of Contraception Hormonal Contraceptives- The Pill, Norplant, Depo-Provera, Lunelle Once-A-Month Shot Male Condom Female Condom- Fits in the woman's vagina. Diaphragm- Inserted into the vagina, covers the cervix and prevents sperm from entering. Vaginal Spermicides Natural Family Planning- periodic abstinence, rhythm method, and fertility awareness Withdrawl and Douching Emergency Contraception Sterilization- Woman- Oophorectomy, Hysterectomy, Salpingectomy, or Laparoscopy Man- VasectomieChapter 11Postpartum Depression- A reaction more severe than the "baby blues" to the birth of one's baby, characterized by crying, irritability, loss of appetite, and difficulty in sleeping.Baby Blues- Transitory symptoms of depression twenty-four to forty-eight hours after a baby is born.Different Approaches to Child Rearing Developmental-Maturational Approach- Views what children do, think, and feel as being influenced by their genetic inheritance. Behavioral Approach- An approach to childrearing based on the principle that behavior is learned through classical and operant conditioning. Parent Effectiveness Training Approach- A model of childrearing that focuses on trying to understand what a child is feeling and experiencing it in the here and now. Socioteleological Approach- An approach to childrearing that explains children's behavior as resulting from the attempt to compensate for feelings of inferiority. Reality Therapy Approach- An approach to childrearing that emphasizes how a child's behavior is purposeful.Chapter 1What are the benefits of a dual earner marriage? Afford expensive homes, cars, vacations, and greater opportunites for their children.Second-Shift- The housework and child care that employed women do when they return home from their jobs.What is the quality of day-care today? Only 14% were rated good/excellent 74% received a rating just above the minimalRole-Compartmentalization- Separating the roles of work and home so that they do not think about or dwell on the problems of one when they are at the physical place of the other.Commodification of Leisure- The perception of free time as a consumption opportunity whereby one expects to spend money to enjoy leisure.Chapter 1Read Chapter 1 Understand abuse; when and why it occurs. Domestic Violence Child Abuse IssuesChapter 14Macro Factors Contributing to Divorce1. Egalitarian Role Perceptions. Increased Economic Independence of Women. Changing Family Functions and Structure4. Liberalized Divorce Laws5. Fewer Moral and Religious Sanctions6. More Divorce Models7. Mobility/Anonymity8. Individualistic Cultural Goal of HappinessMicro Factors Contributing to Divorce1. Negative Behavior. Lack of Conflict Resolution Skills. Value Changes4. Satiation5. Extramarital Relationship6. Perception that Being Divorced is Better than Being MarriedSatiation- the state in which a stimulus loses its value with repeated exposure.Stages of Divorce1. Pre-separation. Separation. Divorce4. PostdivorceAlternatives to Divorce1. Annulment- returns spouses to their premarital status. (Catholic Church). Separation. Desertion- walking out, disappearingChapter 15Why people remarry to include elderly/widowed. December Marriages- both are elderly. Primary motivation is to escape loneliness or the need for companionship.Boundary Maintenance- Not knowing how do deal with feelings towards ex-spouse when in a new relationship.Conflicts the affect Step-Families Learning to trust in a new relationship. Boundary maintenance with ex-spouse. Meshing finances. Relating to step-children.Chapter 16Resiliency- A family's ability to respond to a crisis in a positive way.ABC-X Model- What people use to help deal with life's problems.1. Developed realistic perspective.. Avoided blame. Sought opportunities for fun.4. Keep destructive impulses in check.5. Intervened early in a crisis.Why do people cheat? They have a strong interest in sex, permissive sexual values, low subjective satisfaction in their existing relationship, and greater sexual opportunities.1. Variety, novelty, and excitement.. Workplace friendships.. Relationship dissatisfaction.4. Revenge5. Homosexual relationship.6. Aging7. Other factors.Signs of Suicide Verbal Signs- Direct statements about suicide such as "I don't want to live anymore." Behavioral Signs- Sadness, Change in sleep patterns, Drop in grades…etc. Situational Signs- Loss of a relationship, Trouble with law or at school, pregnancy…etc.Chapter 17Ageism- The systematic prosecution and degradation of people because they are old.Gerontophobia- A fear or dread of the elderly.Generontology- The study of aging.What makes old people happy? Friendship, companionship, affection, etc.Death and Dying ProcessTHE DANCER'S GIFTIndividualism- A philosophy in which an individual's decisions and actions are based on his or her own wants and needs, rather than on the wants and needs of the group. By smoking in the car, Samantha's mother is putting her own needs first, and Samantha's health and comfort are secondary.Familism- A philosophy in which an individuals decisions and actions are based on the wants and needs of the gamily or other social group, rather than on the individual.Personalism- Interested only in helping out one's own self.Ethnocentrism- The practice of viewing one's own culture as "normal" and superior and viewing other cultures as "weird" or inferior. Marcel feels this way about the behaviors exhibited in America contrast to those in Martinique.Organic Solidarity- Mechanical SolidarityPrejudice- Negative attitudes and feelings toward an entire category of people.Discrimination- Unequal treatment of individuals because of their group membership. Not treated fairly.Power Elite- A small, powerful group of people existing influence on the affairs of a society or community. Example, US Government.Religion- A system of beliefs, symbols, and rituals involving the sacred or supernatural realm.Cult- A relatively small religious group that is considered to be extremist and is usually started by a charismatic leader. Osama bin Laden, CommunistsPolyandry- A form of polygamy in which one wife has or more husbands.Polygyny- A form of polygamy in which one husband has or more wives.Crime- DevianceProtestant Ethic- A belief system that emphasizes the importance of hard work and achievement.Latent Functions- A consequence or outcome that is unintended and not commonly recognized. Latent Functions of college include meeting new friends and possibly a life partner.Manifest Functions- A consequence or outcome that is intended and commonly recognized. College is necessary to get ahead in the work force.Total Institution- An organization in which people are isolated from the rest of society and are under the control of the organizations staff and administration. Examples are prisons and mental health facilities.
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