Thursday, February 27, 2020

Comparing John Smith and William Bradford

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Although Captain John Smith and William Bradford, historians and leaders of their respective colonies, Jamestown and Plymouth, desired to lure settlers to their colonies through their writings, the methods and style they used to accomplish their goals varied with their personal beliefs and values. Though both sought to set forth an example for the colonists they were enticing, Smith strived to attract those with courage, vigor, and an adventurous spirit while Bradford tried to appeal to Godly men and women. Both graphically described the untamed setting of the new land, yet Smith always creates an aura of adventure and romance while Bradford focuses on the hardships and difficulties experienced by the colonists accompanied by God's provision. To support these different values and motives, Smith uses elaborate descriptions and an ornate style in his focus on adventure while Bradford employs biblical allusions, providentialized events and simplicity in his God-focused writing. In Smith's General History, he emphasizes the rugged and brave characteristics he wants out of his colonists. Tales of danger and hardships, some of which are only debatably true, appeal primarily to the brave and the adventuresome, the type of people he sought to attract. "…Then as many as could laid hands on him, dragged him to them, and thereon laid his head, and being ready to beat out his brains, Pocahontas, the King's dearest daughter, when no entreaty could prevail, got his head in her arms, and laid her own upon his to save him from death…" (Smith). Indeed, dangerous and exciting tales pervade his work, serving to attract the courageous to his Jamestown. Whereas Smith wrote an appeal to the courageous, Bradford sought the addition of godly men and women to his colony. Biblical allusions and providence saturate Bradford's Of Plymouth Plantation attracting those who possessed knowledge of the Bible and those who viewed life through a providential lens. "Our Fathers were Englishmen which came over this great ocean, and were ready to perish in this wilderness; but they cried unto the Lord, and He heard their voice and looked on their adversity" (Bradford). This is an allusion to the Israelites' plight in Egypt (Deuteronomy 65-8). As the Israelites were saved and aided by God, so now are Bradford's Puritans, a powerful image for those seeking to be in the middle of God's will. Not stopping with the Israelites, He comparing the settlers to many different people in the Bible, almost as if to express the idea that if one joined the Puritans at Plymouth, God would not only approve, but applaud. Although each writer vividly portrays the savage and untamed wilderness in their writings, they each do so from their previously mentioned bents. Smith utilizes a sense of adventure and romance in his attempt to lure those who shared these qualities. Pochahantas and Indian guide examples


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Bradford, on the other hand, focused on the hardships, difficulties, and God's provision experienced by the colonists. "And for the buckling of the main beam, there was a great iron screw the passengers brought out of Holland, which would raise the beam into its place; the which being done, the carpenter and master affirmed that with a post put under it, set firm in the lower deck and other ways bound, he would make it sufficient."(Bradford). He uses these and other trials to convey a point that God is providential and that everything happens for a reason. People who believe and live by this are the people Bradford desired in His colony. More examples Though each leader wrote about similar experiences, Smith's use of an elaborate and descriptive writing style in highlights his overall message that the colonies are a place of excitement and adventure. The omniscient point of view he utilizes seems to glorify himself as the archetype of a colonial settler and it magnifies and gives credibility to his History's marvelous episodes. example Contrariwise, Bradford focuses on God, not himself, and employs a personally limited and simplistic view in his writing. "Let them therefor praise the Lord, because He is good and His mercies endure forever. Yea, let them which have been redeemed of the Lord, show how He hath delivered them from the oppressor. When they wandered in the desert of wilderness out of the way, and found no city to dwell in, both hungry and thirsty, their soul was overwhelmed in them. Let them confess before the Lord His loving kindness and His wonderful works before the sons of men." (Bradford). The beliefs and style represented in Captain John Smith and William Bradford widely circulated works reflected their own beliefs and attitudes. Wanting to attract settlers to their colonies through their writings, they wrote in such a way as to accomplish this goal. As an example for the colonists that joined them, Smith strived to attract those with courage and an adventurous spirit while Bradford tried to appeal to the Godly men and women. While each conveyed the sense of an untamed setting in the New World, Smith emphasized the sense of adventure and romance while Bradford focused on the hardships, difficulties, and providence experienced by the colonists. Finally, in spite of the fact that each wrote about similar experiences, Smith uses elaborate descriptions and writing style in his focus on adventure while Bradford employs biblical allusions and simplicity in his God-focused writing. conclusion?


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Wednesday, February 26, 2020

Romeo and Juliet

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In romeo and juliet,love is depicted in several ways. Both luhrman and shakespear represent love in different contexts to both the elizabethan era and the contempory audience. Both the original and later manifestations of the text are valued because they both communicate to the ausience on the values of love and society by employing a variety of devices.The central subject dealth within Romeo and Juliet is the subject of love. William Shakespear and Baz luhrmann thus represent love to their audience beyond the distinct idea of love as simple sentiments.In the play, there are basic levels -the real world of Verona and the private,intimate sphere of Romeo and Juliets love.The fulfillment of Romeo and Juliet's love in the social life of Verona is hindered by external influences; the most obvious of which is the feud between the Capulets and the Montagues. The "ancient grudge" is one of many conditions and incidents, which together can be, considered an influence counter-acting the relationship between Romeo and Juliet. Despite the obvious obstacles of conflict and hate, the love of Romeo and Juliet is born and subsists. When Romeo meets Juliet for the first time during the Capulets' feast (I.v), the language and form of the dialogue shared by Romeo and Juliet shows that heir private sphere is totally different from public life. Shakespeare thus presents their fist conversation via a sonnet, a poetic convention very popular in the Elizabethan age. A sonnet's expression of the lyrical "I" allows Shakespeare to break the limits of dramatic performance and to involve his audience emotionally as if they were recipients to a poem. This therefore means that Shakespeare represents Romeo and Juliet's love by making the audience of the two different levels one where all forms of social order break down, and the other, where Romeo and Juliet are the centre of the universe. Luhrman also presents this concept of two opposing levels as a representation of love via the use of cinematic techniques. In the aquarium scene, camera distances vary from medium close-shot to close-up and back again. The idea of social and physical barriers is presented by having the fish tank between the two of them, keeping them apart thus visualizing to the audience the opposing level of Romeo and Juliet's love. When the two lovers kiss, the cameras encircle them, thus suggesting that Romeo and Juliet are at the centre of their own universe, in total disregard or lack of awareness of the social chaos (as suggested by the blurred images) around them.


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The language of Shakespeare also helps to create this intimate and different sphere of love. When Romeo catches the sight of Juliet, he imagines "touching her, make blessed my rude hand". To "touch her hand" is a linguistic representation of touch, a tactile sign. In the pilgrim sonnet, the focus of attention is touch, by semantic means. The words "hands" and "lips" appear four times each, "kiss" and "touch" twice each, and besides which, there are expressions with physical implications like "tender", "mannerly" and "palm". This is also alluded to by Luhrman for the cameras keep on encircling them, focusing on her hands on his back and vice versa, thus presenting to the audience the physicality of their love. When Romeo and Juliet first together in a sonnet, its syntactical structure and semantic means create an intimate sphere of love, whereby which the private emotional experiences of the lovers in intently explored in isolation and in relation to the ideas of love, destiny and death. However, while Shakespeare implies as to the physicality of their love, Luhrman shows it (the touching) not only to show what Shakespeare was suggesting), but also to meet the expectations of a contemporary audience which prefers action to implication. In the sonnet, Romeo and Juliet take it in turns to speak the lines. This shows how in tune they are with each other, much as Romeo and Mercutio's sharing of lines in Act 1, scene 4 reflects their good relationship. This also reveals to the audience an empathy that the two "star-crossed" lovers were made fore each other. Luhrman achieves this via the use of smitten, longing looks, the close-up shots, and the music of Des'ree (Kissing You). Through Scene 5, Romeo continues to show himself as a hopeless romantic besotted with beautiful girls. His language indicates that he thinks of love and commitment in terms of sight "Did my heart love till now? Forswear it sight! For I ne'er saw true beauty till this night", as he says at his first glimpse of Juliet. This statement recalls Scene , in which he spoke of " the devout religion of mine eye" and said that if his eyes were heretical enough o consider another girl more beautiful than his Rosaline, his tears would turn to fire and burn at stake. However, as soon as he lays his eyes on Juliet, his devotion to the apparently less beautiful Rosaline disappears and a new religion is found for Romeo. Shakespeare thus portrays Romeo and his love as an infatuation. This infatuation is evident in how instantaneously Romeo falls out of love with Rosaline and into love with Juliet. At one stage, Rosaline was the "precious treasure of his eyesight", yet Romeo's embodiment of perfection was, a few scenes later, his notion of defectiveness. This therefore reveals to the audience the instantaneous and reckless path of the two lovers, as well as the fickleness of adolescent "love", diminishing at the sight of something ameliorate and more impressive. Luhrman supplements this image by showing Romeo and Juliet as innocent, beautiful and youthful. This is achieved by the continuous focus of the cameras on the freshness of their skin, the sparkling eyes, flushed cheeks and pink lips in addition to the words of Shakespeare. This image is employed because a modern, youthful audience is more likely to be attracted to watching a movie starring Leonardo Di Caprio and Claire Danes because they can easily relate to them. The message behind the text is also supplemented by the costumes. In this scene, Romeo is dressed as a knight and Juliet as an angel. This visualizes what Shakespeare is implying - that Romeo sees himself as a knight in shining armour, and that for now, Juliet is his pedestal for perfection. Not only does this attract a contemporary audience (attracted to the notion of Leonardo Di Caprio dressed as a knight and Claire Danes as an angel), but it also shows an older audience the irony of Shakespeare's implications by elaborating it into images, supplemented by costumes, lighting and music. In Romeo and Juliet, the spoken word gets more attention than in any other film, due mostly to the fact that the film keeps to the original text, dated 157. This creates an effect of alienation and contributes to the 'other-world' atmosphere of Verona Beach. Another type of sound employed by Luhrman in the film is music. Music is even more direct than images, and thus contributes to the atmosphere of the film in a significant way. By using the music of young, new artists, the film gets its nineties, film status, thus making it appealing to a wider scale of audience. Music in this film is used to support the images such as Des'ree's Kissing You, which is used to supplement the lover's first kiss. It is also used to unify images. For example, Kym Mazelle's Young Hearts Run Free is ironic to the impending dramatic tension (when Romeo and Juliet fall in love) as well as in contrast to the love song that is to follow. Another representation of love in the play is light. When Romeo initially sees Juliet, he compares her immediately to the brilliant light of the torches and tapers that illuminate the Capulets great hall "O, she doth teach the torches to burn bright!" (I.V.46), whereby which Juliet is the light that frees him from his perpetual melancholia. In his contemporised version, Luhrman uses the blue colours reflecting form the fish tank as his source of light. Not only does this make the setting romantic, but also makes it more appealing to a modern audience. In his play, Shakespeare represents the love of Romeo and Juliet as a religion. This is evident in the religious imagery employed in the sonnet, whereby which Romeo's feelings for Juliet is compared to that of a religion where Juliet's hand is the "holy shrine" and his own lips "two blushing pilgrims". When the tow lovers kiss in the film, Luhrman uses music to create an intimate, romantic atmosphere for the audience. However, the words of Des'ree's Kissing You are a slow and melodious almost lethargically, and religious and holy. This is in contrast to the blurred images of people drinking and using drugs in the background, and again the music creates a feeling of alienation where Romeo and Juliet are at the centre of their own universe. Luhrman thus uses the technique of 'mis en scene' to depict the religion of love as well as to the innocence and youth of the two lovers. Religion was thus portrayed by the holy music, the cross around Juliet's neck, her costume and all supplemented by Shakespeare's religious imagery. Luhrman also uses beauty to sell the film to the audience by making them aware of the purity of Juliet. This is evident to her long hair, her white costume, the cross around her neck as well as the innocence and youthfulness of her character. Another technique used by Luhrman in his film is the iterative motif of water. The aquarium serves as a physical barrier between the two lovers, even though there are also a lot of emotional barriers. Moreover, love also serves as a symbol of their love. Even though Romeo is dazed from the XTC pill and his infatuation with Rosaline, it is the water that purifies and cleanses his mind and it the free, flowing nature of water that Luhrman uses as a representation of love. It is thus plausible to see that Luhrman portrays Romeo and Juliet as an allegory for the late 0th century, whereby Verona Beach is a caricature of the violent atmosphere of our time as well as serving as a representation of love and conflict. The major difference however between Shakespeare and Luhrman's portrayal is that 100 years ago, violence and hedonism was a fashion phase, whereas today it is a part of our society. Due to the lack of technology in society in the 1th century, the art of plays, and the conventions of the Elizabethan theatre had more focus on the words with minimal costuming and cinematic techniques. Yet among other things, the art of theatre is or was a reflection on society, and Luhrman criticizes the present time by setting Shakespeare's tale in another time, with the same tragedy of death. Thus both Shakespeare and Luhrman portray conflict and the representations of love in two different levels two different levels that shape and reflects the values of both the Elizabethan and contemporary society.


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Monday, February 24, 2020

Canada's Trade

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Canada has come a long way in the industry of trade, since the trading of furs with our motherland of England and other parts of Europe. Yet, even more recently our trading partners have changed. As the United States came into power, Canada being their closest neighbour became a large trading partner, allowing the country to rely less on their European connections. During the Second World War, when Japan's industries were left badly damaged, North America aided them, and their factories were restored. Japan became a partner of Canada, and entered the market with novelty toys, and electronics. Because of this action, many other Pacific Rim countries began to trade with Canada as well, due to Japan's influence. It became one of Canada's largest trading partners and still is today. The North American Free Trade Agreement, which began the work of removing tariff barriers in 1, allowed Canada to become more acquainted with Mexico. Before this, Mexico and Canada did very little trade together, as it did with most South and Central American countries. Since this agreement Canada has begun to trade more frequently with them. Canada has begun expanding into China. It has created new markets with the help of Team Canada, in countries such as Russia and Germany. Canada's markets have opened due to trade missions, and memberships of various world organizations such as G8, World Trade Organization and NAFTA. India and Canada have begun a positive trade relationship lately on account of numerous Canadian officials visiting the country to better the relations between the nations. It is now Canada's largest trading partner in South Asia. Recent trade missions and multiple success stories will lead to bigger trade and investment flows. Because of this, it seems that Canada may expand more so into South Asian markets in the near future. The most recent trade missions have been to countries such as Finland and Iceland, and there are plans to head to Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Greenland in 004.


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Thursday, February 20, 2020

The Mission

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The MissionI enjoyed the movie, The Mission, and I have many thoughts about it. After watching this movie I am convinced that Rodrigo's values are a lot like our government's. In this paper I am going to explain that as well as the values of Rodrigo, Gabriel, and our government and compare and contrast them.By watching the movie, Rodrigo's values were obvious to me. His first value that I picked out of the movie is he thinks violence is the answer and it is not wrong to fight as long as you have a reason. He wants to fight for the Guarani because the Indians are going to be attacked by the Portuguese. They won't move because this is their home and the cardinal's decision is to attack. Rodrigo said, "I must fight for this mission, I won't let them die." Rodrigo is vengeful in the film as well because he killed his brother just because he slept with his woman and it made Rodrigo jealous. He was new to the faith because after he killed his brother, he felt guilty, and he went to Father Gabriel to be forgiven and to become a priest. He was ordained in the mission and the mission isn't that old. Rodrigo was also trying to save the mission, and that took a lot of guts to stand up to the Cardinal and fight against the Portuguese. Gabriel's values are very distinct in the movie, and are grossly different from Rodrigo's. Father Gabriel's first value that came to me while watching the movie was that he knows that violence is not the answer to anything. He said, "If you die with blood on your hands you will portray everything that you are." Also he said that God is love, and not violent by any means. He wouldn't fight against the Portuguese but he still did things for the Guarani that didn't involve violent acts. Even though he wouldn't take a gun and shoot men, he carried the Eucharist in his hands with no fear and led the Indian women and children out of the church of San Miguel. He wouldn't even support Rodrigo for fighting because when he asked for Gabriel's blessing, he wouldn't give it to him. Gabriel was also forgiving to people. He forgave Rodrigo of killing his brother and ordained him as a priest in the mission. As well as forgiving his people he was trying to save them. The cardinal asked for the Guarani to move the mission and Gabriel holding a little girl said, "I will stay." Gabriel was the leader of the mission, too. He built the mission and conversed with and converted the Indians.


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We all have learned about the government's values. They think that violence is the answer. For example, what is happening now. We want to attack Iraq just because they have weapons that could do some harm. "Bush will ask Congress today for authority to attack Iraq."(Post-Dispatch) The government is also doing their best to protect us the American citizens. "They are doing and will do anything to keep the American public safe." (Post Dispatch) Bush also said while asking Congress to attack Iraq, "It's time for us to secure the peace." For example, the government has increased security everywhere and they have prepared everybody for anything that could happen, so we will all be secure. The government is also in control of our country. They make the decisions of the United States, and they control our Army, Navy, and Air Force. As well as running our country, the government is vengeful. The terrorists attacked us so we are going to attack them. President Bush said in his speech after the attacks in New York and Washington, "We will find those responsible and bring them to justice." Rodrigo and the government have many things in common but there are a few differences too. First of all, they are both vengeful. Second they both think that violence is the answer because we want to attack Iraq and Rodrigo killed his brother. The government and Rodrigo are both trying to save people. In the mission, Rodrigo wants to save the Guarani and today our government wants to protect and keep us citizens as safe as possible. Also Rodrigo had been a Jesuit only for a little while and our government has been in existence for a long time but our President hasn't. One difference is that the government leads our nation and Rodrigo was not the leader of the mission. Other than comparing and contrasting Rodrigo and the government, Gabriel and the government have similarities and differences as well. Gabriel was trying to save the Guarani and the government is trying to keep us safe. They are both trying to help people. Also they are both head of something. Gabriel is head of the mission at San Miguel and the government is head of our nation. Gabriel and the government are different in some ways too. The government believes that violence is the answer and Gabriel thinks that violence is never the answer to anything no matter what. Also Gabriel is forgiving because he forgave Rodrigo and the government is vengeful because when the terrorists attack us we think that we need to attack them.There are some similarities and differences between Gabriel and Rodrigo as well. The similarities are first of all; they are both Jesuits in the mission of San Miguel. Also they both want to save and protect the Guarani with their life. The differences between Gabriel and Rodrigo are that Rodrigo solves problems with violence, and Gabriel doesn't even consider violence as an answer. Also, Gabriel is the leader of the mission of San Miguel and Rodrigo is just a priest at the mission.I think Rodrigo is like the government because they both want to achieve their goal whether it contains violence or not. Even though they have a good purpose in mind they go about it the wrong way. Violence is the wrong way to solve anything and God is not a god of violence, he is a God of love.


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Wednesday, February 19, 2020

Is Federal Parliament in decline?

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Democratic parliaments are expected to be the central institution that converts political inputs into outputs and to be the means by which the 'will of the people' is expressed. Chapter one of the Constitution defines the Australian Federal Parliament as the Queen, the Senate and the House of Representatives. Federal Parliament was established to sit alongside the existing six state parliaments; its authority limited to national matters set out in the Constitution as exclusive powers or concurrent powers, shared with the States. The bicameral structure was intended to allow for popular government but also sought to protect the States interests, and the two chambers were given distinct identities but similar powers. The roles of parliament include the Legislative Function, the Representative Function, the Responsibility Function, and be a Forum for Debate. Federal Parliament has long been the subject of strong criticism; commentators' arguing that there has been a 'decline of parliament'. This thesis argues that Parliament has long been little more than an 'electoral college' whose role is to support, not scrutinize, the executive. The decline of Parliament is evident in how it performs its roles today. It fails to provide effective scrutiny on Bills because of limited time; members of Parliament are loyal to parties rather than to their electorate; and because Parliament sits for only a limited time each year, it is not effective as a forum for debate. But with reforms being introduced into both Houses of Parliament, such as ensuring that at least 16 questions are asked during Question Time and setting a timetable for parliament; the decline of parliament may reverse, and the Australian Federal Parliament may cease to decline, and become more accountable to the people it represents rather than the Executive. The Legislative Function specifies that parliaments should initiate, deliberate and finally pass legislation. This image of parliament suggests that legislative proposals are raised by both the Government and ordinary MPs drawing on a variety of sources. Bills should be thoroughly scrutinized and if necessary amended by parliament. But the decline of parliament thesis claims Parliament retains its legislative function in only a formal sense because it is dominated by party loyalty, which prevents it from fulfilling its essential functions. Few Bills are really initiated in the House of Representatives, opportunities for debate are limited, and government legislation is assured of passage through the House. An election result in almost always produces a government consisting of the majority party in the Lower House; and in the Lower House the government can use its majority to control the procedures of parliament to ensure its legislation is passed. The House of Representatives does not provide for the deliberative assessment and refinement of legislation; legislation is orchestrated by Cabinet and regimented by disciplined parties, and this shows how the Legislative Function has undergone a decline, and lost its traditional roles. But major proposals being considered could ensure that the legislative function of parliament doesn't continue its decline. The radical proposal is to have two streams of debate taking place at the same time; one in the lower Chamber of the House (as now) and the other in a new committee to consider legislation called the Main Committee, where all members could attend either forum. It would provide that no divisions could take place in the committee but disagreements would reported back to the main chamber for resolution there. This change would result in more time being spent on each bill and also give members more opportunities to take part in debate, reducing the pressures in the House.The Representative Function implies that parliament should provide a voice for the interests and opinions of the electors. The Australian public expect Parliament to be representative in three distinct ways to reflect the will of the people; for MHRs to represent the views and interests of their electorate; and that the Parliament reflects a broad cross-section of society. But the decline of parliament prevents parliament from effectively performing its representative functions. The electoral system used in the HOR benefits the major parties, and effectively prevents minor parties from winning individual seats. In the HOR the predominant role of the MHRs is as partisans; which reflect the fact that electors tend to vote according to party rather than for individual candidates. In parliament, MHRs follow the party line. The procedures in the House allow for only limited opportunity for MHRs to speak 'on behalf' of their electorate, restricting the capacity for MHRs to be trustees of delegates of the electorate interests. Australian political parties also impose strong discipline on elected representatives. In the ALP, parliamentarians are pledged to support the party policy and vote as a bloc in parliament. The Liberal Party theoretically gives parliamentarians the free vote, but effectively they almost always 'follow the leader' and vote according party policy. The membership of Federal Parliament does don't mirror the demographic pattern of Australia. To reduce the partisan voting in Parliament, it has been proposed that Members be given the free vote to all matters that are not clearly set out in the Government's election policy platforms. This will allow Members to vote according to their constituents' desires, and also have opportunities to voice their own opinions rather than vote according to party line. This reform would ensure that Parliament continues to be representative, rather than continue the decline that critics argue is occurring.The Responsibility Function is to check the executive, and ensures it is accountable for its decisions and actions. Parliaments have always been seen as a check on executive power. Modern parliaments are expected to carry out detailed scrutiny of government administration and to hold the executive responsible for its decisions. Australia has inherited the British Westminster system of Parliament. Under the Westminster system, the executive is part of the legislature, which means that theoretically, the HOR 'makes' the executive (government). The government consists of the party with majority support in the lower house. Governments must resign if they lose the support of the house. But the majority requirement in the HOR, ensure that the government dominates, that the Lower House of Parliament is just a rubber stamp for the government's legislation. But to reduce the level of party dominance in parliament, Senate Committees have been proposed to have their investigative role strengthened to emphasise the greater scrutiny of legislation and executive actions. These include giving Senate Committees more extensive powers of inquiry; requiring Senate confirmation of major foreign policy initiatives; and allowing automatically for a six month period for the Senate to consider non-money bills. This would provide a greater check on the Exevcutive and ensure that it acting in the Nation's best interests.


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Parliament is also expected to be a forum for debate where issues of national importance are raised and evaluated. Parliamentary committees often investigate and report on general issues, which provided an opportunity for the expression of community views and raises awareness of issues. Parliament can debate major policy issues directly as a means of assessing policy alternatives and public support for change. However, commentators argue that Parliament is not very effective for a forum for debate because of the decline of parliament. Parliament sits for a very limited time each year, typically 60 days a year and it is questionable whether even this time is allocated in a manner that provides for non-government business. During debate, government can use the gag, guillotine and floodgating to limit discussion. During Question Time, government backbenchers ask 'Dorothy Dixers' which allow ministers to highlight their achievement and use up valuable. The time on the agenda of parliament to raise and debate issues is in practice dominated by the party battle and mostly consists of 'political point scoring' by both the government and the Opposition with their eyes on the next election. To reduce the level of government control during debate and to also ensure that Parliament is an effective and successful forum for debate, reforms have been introduced. These include having a longer sitting time which provides for more debate; ensuring that during Question Time, at least 16 questions are asked, which provides more opinions are heard; and making changes to Question Time, such as drawing up a roster to ensure all Ministers are faced with questions, not exclusively just the PM.Parliament is clearly unsuccessful in achieving its traditional functions, a failure highlighted by the 'decline of parliament' thesis, which argues that Parliament is controlled by the majority party and has become a 'rubber stamp' of executive will. Where parliament was expected to represent the whole of Australia, effectively scrutinize bills and allow for wide-ranging input from everyone, it is now dominated by major parties, Members are loyal to their party rather than their electorate, and Bills only received limited inquiry. But the decline of parliament thesis looks back to a 'golden age' of parliament where debate was more constructive. This point of view fails to understand that earlier parliaments were different, rather than 'better'. Critics tend to emphasise the costs and ignore the benefits of the impact of parties of Parliament. While party control does reduce the opportunities for debate and reduces the capacity of the house to enforce Ministerial responsibility, it also has strong benefits the stability of Australian politics partly reflects the established 'two party' system; parliament is presented with a clear set of policies that can be defended with electoral mandate; and parliament is capable of dealing with the large legislative agenda required by modern society. Reforms also being introduced into both Houses of parliament ensure that more representation is occurring, that Bills are being more effectively scrutinized and that the Executive function is being appropriately made accountable. Therefore, commentators who argue the decline of parliament, fail to look beyond the costs to the benefits, and do not consider the effect the reforms will have on the functions of parliament.


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Different versions of humankind creation

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As time has progressed since the creation of mankind, there have been many attempts to create an account of this great creation. Some versions of the creation of man seem more absurd than others, but who can really tell which is more accurate than the others. Based on the accounts of the Bible and Aristophanes we get two contrasting backgrounds on the creation of humankind. According to the Bible in Genesis 7 God's last acts of creation was that God formed man and woman. According to Aristophanes there was the creation of man in three types which included the male, female, and the one that had both male and female elements. According to the Bible, God first created man's body and everything was in place, but lifeless. Next, God started man's heart and lungs to function and man came alive. God was the source of life, and the material man was made of the lifeless materials of life. God had breathed in man's nostrils the breath of life. The Bible also states that man was made personally by God from the dust of the Earth. Unlike Genesis's version of creation, according to Aristophanes the first humans had four hands, legs, and two faces. Between the two faces s was one head with four ears. Humans also had two sets of sexual organs and eight limbs. When mankind became corrupt Zeus sought to cut man in half so that they could lose their strength from such a loss. After they cut Man in half they began to take on characteristics of man as we know him today. They had to walk upright on two legs, and Apollo formed the stomach, mouth, navel, breasts, all when humans were cut in half. Zeus also came up with the plan of moving their genitals to the front, whereas they used to have their genitals outside. Aristophanes believed that when make embraced male they would have the satisfaction of intercourse and embrace each other's needs in life. In the Bible, unlike the account of Aristophanes man's partner was the female. According to Aristophanes, man embraced a woman to cast his seed by internal reproduction so they would have children, but Man looked to Man for completion and satisfaction in life. According to the Bible, God created man first and from man he created woman. Man being by himself was incomplete, because he didn't have a companion. God then gives the purpose of woman in stating he would create for man a "help meet" or "suitable helper." We would infer that woman was created as Man's counterpart and Man's co-helper in life. It was God's plan that man and woman should be together working with a common purpose in life. It was God's plan for male and female to be together, never man with man or female with female, which contradicts the account made by Aristophanes. According to the Bible, Man being perverted by his sinful nature has degraded the perfect union of man and woman, and tried t justify homosexual behavior, but no clearer truth is found in the Scripture in that God created woman to be the counterpart of man. Everything in the Bible condemns homosexual behavior.


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On the creation account of Aristophanes, he said that there were three kinds of human beings which were the male, female, and the one made up of both male and female. The Bible states that God created male and female. He created man first and female from man. In the Bible, Man's responsibility is defined as being responsible for woman's provision and protection. Woman's responsibility is shown as being a helper and supporter of her husband. They need one another to live their lives successfully, whereas Aristophanes believed man needed his other half, which was man, to complete himself. Man needed man to fulfill himself and to live successfully according to Aristophanes. Sin was the cause of the confusion of the roles of man and woman. The Bible out rightly opposes homosexuality, whereas Aristophanes believes in the same sex relationship as a way of completing each other, since they were cut in halves. According to Aristophanes' account of creation, when humans tried to attack the gods in heaven, it was like in Genesis when man was becoming too corrupt all over the land and God came up with a plan to flood the land for forty days and forty nights to exterminate the humans who had inhabited the land. In Aristophanes account, Zeus also had a plan to correct the problem of humans being wicked. He devised a plan to allow humans to exist while stopping them from misbehaving. They would have to stop being wicked in order to regain their strength which Zeus believed should be taken a way as Man's punishment, made possible when Man was cut in half. Zeus cut them in two, which made Man lose his strength. From cutting man from fours to twos, allowed for man to be recreated as we know Him today. Man's creation is a mystery to some, while others find satisfaction in the many different versions of Man's creation. Many look to the Bible and accept its account. Genesis and the account from Aristophanes present us with two opposing ideas of the creation of Mankind. According to Genesis, male and female was created to fulfill each other's needs whereas Aristophanes believed the same sex was to fulfill each other. Aristophanes believed that man's only need for a woman was to reproduce, but man's pleasure lied within another man. Even though we see two different ideas of the creation of man, we see the stemming idea that God blessed mankind, and that all happiness is made possible through him.


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Tuesday, February 18, 2020

Alice in Wonderland

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The animals and Alice make it to the shore, wet and grouchy. The mouse tries to dry them off by telling a dry story he recites English history in flat, uninspired prose. At some point, he uses the word it without an antecedent, which causes confusion as the animals argue about what it is. The Dodo suggests another method of getting dry, as everyone seems to be as wet as over. The animals are initially reluctant to follow the Dodos advice, as his speech is full of grand words that the other animals dont understand the Eaglet convinces the Dodo of not understanding them either. The Dodo suggests a Caucus Race. Alice and the animals line up and race around in circles, starting and stopping whenever they please. After a half-hour or so, they are all quite dry. The Dodo declares that they are all winners. Alice is charged with the responsibility of giving prizes to all of them all she has is a container of little candies. She gives them one candy each. For her prize, the Dodo awards her the thimble that was in Alices pocket. She thinks its all totally absurd, but she dares not laugh for fear of offending them. She asks the mouse to tell his tale, and he begins. But Alice is transfixed by the mouses tale, and she looks at it as he speaks. Her impression of the tale is merged with her impression of his tale, and on the page the mouses story, in verse, is written in the shape of a mouses tail. The mouse accuses her of being inattentive, and wanders off in a huff. Alice is quite upset, and admits that she wishes that Dinah were with her. Dinah could fetch the mouse back so that he might finish his story. The birds ask who Dinah is, and Alice, eager as always to talk about her cat, talks about Dinahs many talents and virtues as a pet. She mentions that Dinah is quite good at catching birds, and at this bit of news the birds all begin to leave. Alice feels quite lonely, and begins to cry again. Soon, she hears the sound of little footsteps coming towards her.


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