Earthquakes

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GeneralAn earthquake is a shaking or trembling of the crust of the earth caused by underground volcanic action or by the breaking and shifting of rock beneath the surface. The volcanic action and shifting rocks create strain which continues to build to a sudden release of pressure resulting in a shock wave. The vibrations produced in the crust can vary from barely noticeable to enormously destructive. Shock waves can be classified into two broad categories. Waves that send particles oscillating back and forth in the same direction as the waves are traveling are called primary. Primary waves, sometimes called compressional waves, travel through the earth beneath the crust. Secondary waves cause vibrations which move perpendicular to the wave. These waves travel on the surface of the earth and move much slower than primary waves. Thus, when an earthquake occurs, seismic centers throughout the world record primary waves before the secondary waves arrive. Historical OverviewEarthquakes have captured the imagination of people living in earthquake prone regions since ancient times. Ancient Greek philosophers thought quakes were caused by subterranean winds, while others blamed them on fires in the bowels of the earth. About AD 10, a Chinese scholar named Chang Heng reasoned that waves must ripple through the earth from the source of an earthquake. essaybank.co.uk

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By 185, an Irish engineer by the name of Robert Mallet proposed that earthquakes occurred by either a sudden movement of flexible materials which formed the earths crust, or by their giving way and fracturing. In the 1870s, an English geologist called John Milne invented the forerunner of todays seismograph. The name comes from the Greek word seismos, meaning earthquake. The modern seismograph was invented early this century by a Russian seismologist, Prince Boris Golitzyn. This device made possible the modern era of earthquake research. Although earthquakes have occurred and affected mankind for as long as humans have been around, historical records are either lacking or considered unreliable before the middle of the 18th century. However, some records do exist and date major earthquake events back to 45 BC when one occurred off the coast of Greece resulting in an island named Euboea. Another occurred in Asia Minor about AD 17 and another leveled much of the Roman city of Pompeii in AD 6. During the Middle Ages, severe earthquakes struck England, in 118; Naples, Italy, in 1456; and Lisbon, Portugal, in 151. wwce cew esceces ayce ceba nce kcce ceuk wwae aew esaeaes ayae aeba nae kcae aeuk.Casualties from major earthquakes have resulted in the greatest disasters in history. The worst occurred in 1556 in the Shannxi (Shensi) Province in China and killed an estimated 800,000 people. During the 18th century, the Japanese city of Edo (site of modern day Tokyo) was struck and killed 00,000. Earthquakes in Sicily in 16 and Lisbon in 1755 each killed about 60,000 people. In 177, approximately 40,000 died when Quito, Ecuador was struck. wwea eaw eseaeas ayea eaba nea kcea eaukHistorically, the most powerful earthquakes to strike North America occurred in 1811 and 181 in southeastern Missouri. However, the most famous earthquake to strike in North America was the one that hit San Francisco in 106, killing 700. The Northridge earthquake which struck Southern California during the early morning hours of January 17, 14, was mild by comparison but resulted in 7 deaths and injured 11,846. The estimated 0 billion dollar loss makes it the most expensive disaster in the history of the United States. wwdc dcw esdcdcs aydc dcba ndc kcdc dcukTypes of EarthquakesAll earthquakes may be classified as one of three types, tectonic, volcanic or artificial. Tectonic earthquakes are caused by movements of the plates which make up the crust of the earth. These earthquakes usually occur far below the surface of the earth (as much as 400 miles) at the boundaries of the plates, where they slide against one another causing a buildup of friction and pressure until a sudden release of energy results in an earthquake. Infrequently, these types of earthquakes can occur in the center of a plate when pressure builds and ruptures the plate. One such earthquake, which occurred around 1811, was powerful enough to change the course of the Mississippi River. Of the three types, tectonic earthquakes are the most devastating and account for almost half of the worlds destructive earthquakes and as much as three-quarters of the earths seismic energy. Volcanic earthquakes are generally much smaller and less intense than tectonic ones. They are caused when magma flows upward and fills the chambers beneath a volcano. The sides and tops of the volcano swell and tilt with pressure and result in numerous small earthquakes. Volcanic earthquakes are seldom destructive, but have particular interest because they are often the forerunner for volcanic eruptions. The eruption of Mount Saint Helens in Washington in 180 is only one example. NVxXgaXy Visit essaybank aa co aa uk aa for more aa Do not aa redistribute NVxXgaXy wwbf bfw esbfbfs aybf bfba nbf kcbf bfuk!Sometimes, earthquakes occur as a result of human actions such as when atomic explosives are detonated underground or when new reservoirs are filled. These artificial earthquakes are rare and relatively harmless when compared with the earthquakes caused by nature One such series of earthquakes occurred in the early 160s near Denver, Colorado, when waste fluids were pumped into deep wells just east of the city. When the pumping stopped, so did the earthquakes. wwaa aaw esaaaas ayaa aaba naa kcaa aauk!Effects of EarthquakesThe most common damage and the greater amount of injuries caused by earthquakes is a result of falling objects. Much of the worlds population live in densely populated urban areas which make them particularly vulnerable to building collapse and being struck by falling objects. Earthquakes can also topple bridges, towers and dams as well as trigger large landslides. Each of these present unique problems and can result in floods and fires which may be more devastating than the direct effects of the earthquake. Besides the trembling and shaking of the earth caused by earthquakes, other consequences can result in tremendous destruction. When shock waves from an earthquake strike some types of soil, they result in a condition called liquefaction. Liquefaction occurs when these soils lose their ability to bear weight and behave much like quicksand. Buildings which have been constructed on these soils quickly topple and may even be swallowed up. This phenomena was observed in the big earthquake which struck San Francisco in 106. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------This coursework from www.essaybank.co.uk (http//www.essaybank.co.uk/free_coursework/57.html) Reproduction or retransmission in whole or in part expressly prohibited--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Subsea tremors may result in a tsunami. A tsunami is another name for a tidal wave but because tides have nothing to do with the creation of these waves, the term tsunami is used instead. These waves move with tremendous speed and power and can devastate coastal communities where the sea bottom lifts the water as it rolls up on the land. Measuring the Intensity of Earthquakes wwff ffw esffffs ayff ffba nff kcff ffuk.The most well-known method of measuring the intensity of an earthquake is the Richter scale. The Richter scale is named after an American seismologist named Charles Francis Richter, and measures the amount of energy released at the focus of a quake. It uses a logarithmic scale that runs from 1 to . Because this scale is logarithmic, each number is actually an increase of ten times than the number which precedes it. Thus, a 7.0 earthquake is ten times more powerful than a 6.0 and 100 times more powerful than a 5.0. To allow a greater degree of precision, a decimal equivalent was provided. At one time it, was believed that an earthquake with a magnitude of 8.5 was the most powerful possible but new seismic measuring techniques have revealed that it is possible to reach .5. wwdf dfw esdfdfs aydf dfba ndf kcdf dfuk.Another method of measuring the intensity of earthquakes was developed at the turn of the century by an Italian seismologist by the name of Giuseppe Mercalli. The Mercalli scale measures shaking with gradations from I to XII. Since the effects of the earthquake diminish with the distance it is from the focus of the quake (epicenter), the Mercalli rating depends upon where the measurement is taken. The lowest rating (I) is one which is felt by very few people and the highest (XII) is one which causes total destruction. An earthquake with a magnitude of to 4 on the Richter scale is roughly equivalent to II to III on the Mercalli scale and a magnitude 8 to on the Richter scale is roughly equivalent to a XI to XII on the Mercalli scale. Predicting EarthquakesEarthquake prediction has met with mixed results, however some success has been reported in recent years. Several countries, most notably the United States, China, Japan and Russia, are actively supporting research in this area. In 175, just two days before a magnitude 7. earthquake destroyed the city of Haicheng, the Chinese government evacuated 0,000 residents. The evidence used to support the prediction was a series of foreshocks occurring in the area five years earlier. Other possible clues being investigated are water levels in wells, changes in the earths magnetic field and the behavior of animals. So far though, no reliable method exists for predicting when and where an earthquake will occur nor how strong it is likely to be. from www.essaybank.co.ukEarthquakes in Southern CaliforniaSouthern California has been plagued by numerous earthquakes which have not only caused death and destruction, but have resulted in the most stringent building codes anywhere in the world. Buildings and other structures erected under these new laws have resulted in safer and more durable construction than ever before. Because of the frequency of earthquake tremors, the people living in and around the greater Los Angeles area are among the most knowledgeable of this subject in the United States. Earthquake mitigation and preparedness is an ongoing process and each tremor brings new information on how to deal with the next one. Children are taught earthquake drills in elementary school. Police and Fire Departments practice building rescues. Municipalities conduct table top disaster management exercises. Freeway overpasses, bridges and dams are reinforced. The California Institute of Technology in Pasadena is regarded as one of the foremost earthquake research centers in the world. wwed edw esededs ayed edba ned kced eduk wwea eaw eseaeas ayea eaba nea kcea eauk. wwec ecw esececs ayec ecba nec kcec ecuk;One of the most active earthquake fault systems anywhere on the globe runs through Southern California. The San Andreas Fault emerges from the Pacific Ocean and runs through more than 600 miles through California. The fault marks the boundary where the North American and the Pacific tectonic plates meet. This boundary is easily visible from the air and is the most well known fault system in the United States. At 041 hours, on the morning of January 17, 14, a magnitude 6.7 earthquake struck near the City of Northridge in the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles. By 0500, the Los Angeles County Emergency Operations Center was staffed and operating and thirty minutes later, initial damage assessments were compiled. The earthquake, which came to be known as the Northridge earthquake, collapsed freeway overpasses, damaged roadways, shut off power, started fires, closed and evacuated hospitals and resulted in at least 7 deaths and an estimated $0 billion in damages. The relief effort was orchestrated by the Countys Emergency Operations Center and required the efforts of all local police and fire departments, many public utility companies, the California National Guard, the American Red Cross and a host of other agencies. Tent cities were erected, food and water dispersed, fires put out and numerous buildings searched and evacuated. Although this earthquake earned the title of the most expensive disaster in the history of the United States, the preparation and training of all concerned proved to be highly effective and greatly contributed to limiting the amount of death and injury. dI7tIi from dI7tIi essay dI7tIi bank dI7tIi co dI7tIi ukAs the next century looms near, Southern California prepares for the big one. Despite the tremendous impact of the Northridge earthquake, no one believes that it is the last nor even the largest which will strike the greater Los Angeles area. A new 6,000 square foot Emergency Operations Center has been constructed in East Los Angeles. A series of laws and procedures entitled the Standardized Emergency Management System has continued to make the Mutual Aid System even more effective. The Los Angeles Sheriffs Department has taken a leading role in establishing courses in crisis action planning, crisis decision making, command and control, operations, logistics and intelligence. Liaisons and working groups with other agencies and disciplines has provided additional insight and contributed to a high state of readiness as they prepare for the next major earthquake.

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U S A THE GREAT

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There are many many things that make th USA great , im going to talk about one of them.I'm going to talk about the technology of the in the United States of America, and how it has helped a young nation excell in many areas.How technology helps us everyday at work school and at home ,and how it helps protect everybody in the US.

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The technology that we use at work. Our parents may use computers high tech machines and many other things. Sence early in history humans have made great leaps in the field of technology. Or parents use machines to help speed up the process of production so the product can be shipped out and got on the market as quick as possable. This is one thing that has made the USA great is the manufacturing of goods sped up by the help of technology to give the people what they want. Also technology has helped at our schools.Even in recent years my school has gotten more computers -4 in every room.This makes some school work much easier and quicker for students to get information and evn help with there homework.As you can see there again technology has helped in another area and made students smarter and helped improve technology in the future. Another thing that technology has help better would be the military of the US.The military can now guide missles to a location with out a jet , send a spy plane to a location to a location without a man in the cock pit.The weapons have become more advanced to protect and serve the citizens of the United States.All with the help of technology. As I have said in this speech I beleive that technology has help improve our jobs , todays students, and the protection of the United states of America.Technology has made a impact our nation greatly; it has helped us grow and develope very quickly and become one of the most strongest nations in the world.Now we ride in cars with wheels while just few years ago people were taking trains across the US. Judt look into the future and think what the world will be like if our technology keeps growing and making advances.

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M. Butterfly

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How is it possible to be in love with a man for 0 years, and believe all the time that he is a woman? Did Rene never see Song unclothed? Did his hand never once wonder beneath her clothing? Is it possible that Rene did not know because he did not want to know? That for nearly two decades, he was in love with the "woman" of his dreams, and permitted no reality to interfere. Rene was blinded by his white western fantasies about the submissive Asian woman. He wanted the "ideal" woman, but he was blinded by his so-called love of Song to permit himself to see all other evidence. Deep in his subconscious he knew the truth, he was blinded by the love of the "perfect woman", and blinded by his desire. It's impossible to believe that Rene could have been fooled for such a great amount of time. He had to have know Song's true identity after all that time he spent with "her" and must have been in great denial and repressed it in the back of his mind for all those years just to hide the fact, from himself, that he was secretly gay. Entranced by his first sight of Song Liling, during a performance at a diplomatic function, he falls immediately in love, forgets his wife and his responsibilities, and embarks on a mad passion. I found Rene and Song's relationship rather sickening. At no point throughout the movie did I once sense "true love" and happiness shared mutually between the two of them. Their relationship was full of manipulation and deceit. Rene was only in it fulfill his perverse submissive oriental women desires. Every time he asked Song, "Are you my Butterfly?" I wanted to hurl! The way that she submitted to his wants and desires sickened me, she broke her morals and "ancient Chinese traditions" just to please the white western man. Perhaps part of Song's appeal is how she always keeps Rene at arms length away, her mystery and sex appeal, the constant "chase". Then there is Song, who leads Rene on, and conceals her true identity from him. There is a point at which Song fears her deception will be unmasked and tells Rene that she is pregnant with their child and then she runs off. It wasn't till the end of the movie that I felt some sympathy towards Rene when Song's true identity was revealed. The hurt he must have felt after finding out that his "butterfly" was a man in disguise and on top of that a spy for the Chinese government must have been so tragic and heartbreaking for him. It is viewed by the Chinese as well as other Eastern countries that Western civilization is extremely egotistical and has the view that Western culture is superior to all others. They believe they are more civilized and more educated than the rest of the world and because of this, stems the idea that it is the duty of Western civilization to take other, less developed societies under their wing. This is accurately portrayed throughout the movie by the French diplomats. Through their dinnertime conversation and casual exchange of words, they often speak of the Chinese people as a society that needs to be colonized and whose habits and customs need to be changed and converted.New Historicism plays a part in M. Butterfly by its approach that pays particular attention to the historical situation, not merely as a decorative backdrop to the real work, but as an integral part of it, or even as a kind of text itself. There is heavy historical significance taking place throughout the movie. The movie is set during the time of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, which was a tragic period for the Chinese people and their civilization. The Cultural Revolution was designed to destroy the culture of pre-Communist China. This is demonstrated in one scene of the film when Rene walks outside of a bar in Beijing, and sees protesters out in the street burning traditional Chinese books, costumes, etc. This plays an important role in the film, because of Rene and Song's love and involvement and love of the Chinese Theatre.

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Postcolonial China before the Revolution was made up of the China that reconstructed itself after World War II. During this time China suffered from cultural imperialism, the "takeover" over one culture by another. Mao was the Chinese leader after the war and during his reign Western culture started leaking into the China. In one scene in the movie Song's servant confronts her about her western magazines; "Dont you understand how degrading those images are to women? And why do you have to behave this way when he is not even here? The Chinese perceived the westerners as evil. Several times Song refers to Rene as a "white devil" and one who attempts corrupts her ancient Chinese ways. She has to ask Rene to respect her ancient Chinese culture and traditions by permitting her to leave her clothing on during sex as a sign of her modesty.I found Rene's "Final Performance" to be the most powerful scene in the movie. He striped himself of his pride and dignity, and in the end you could tell he was hopeless and going to go off the deep end. His portrayal of the death scene from Madam Butterfly was my favorite part of the movie. He broke down every guard and barrier of his emotional state and let his true emotions go in front of all his prison mates. His "poetic" death touched me because I felt that he was truly humbled and humiliated by Song's deceit and he could no longer bear to the burden of living. As he lay on the stage dying, staring at his reflection in the mirror that he slit his throat with, I got chills and felt really bad for Rene. I felt that he was at peace with his own death as he lay there dying, holding onto no regrets.The hidden identity and Song's deception to Rene made the movie worth watching for me. The ending was definitely a jaw-dropper. I was completely clueless to Song's hidden identity. The direction of the film was very good at fooling its audience. After watching the film a second time, however, there were suttle signs I was able to pick up throughout the film giving away Song's true identity. Lines such as Song's famous quote, "Only a man knows how a woman is supposed to act" and "men traditionally play women's roles in the Chinese theatre", her, awkward appearances and deep voice, and the fact that we never get to see her unrobed. All together I enjoyed the film and its complex and twisted plot. It related well to the class and our discussions. It gave me a better understanding of Orientalism and the Cultural Revolution. This movie also accurately portrayed stereotypes very well. The Chinese were portrayed as what Westerners usually envision them to be like as well as the Westerns being portrayed as what the Chinese view the to be like. If anything this film taught me that love is a powerful weapon and it's not something to be messed with.

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The body as a stage

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The fact that the body is a stage, and fragile surface, whose wounds heal, but do not disappear, has inspired cultures worldwide. The subconscious echoing of the first incidental discovery that everybody in this world has made; the one that people know, but do not remember, the trial that resulted in unexpected error… when the skin, the outer limit of our tactile senses, was revealed to break open and bleed. The slow, painful scar that followed, the echoing of the discovery, echoing every time our gaze settles upon that first scar, the eerie fascination with the corporeal condition, the rules it implies, the traces experience can leave on one's body. This memory, the condition it revealed, has inspired people all around the globe, and breathed its way into their most sacred rites. Ritualistic scaring, making an action visible, tracing its beginning and end on the body, marking a moment, and embedding a memory deep into the conscious mind is a practice that is probably as old as the first wound the human being has ever known.Back in the seventies the world of video art was emerging. Artists used what would by modern day technocrats be considered as crude, even primitive instruments. In the thrall of the raw energy provided by this new art form, Canadian artists created simple and powerful works that much like scars, embedded themselves in our culture so deeply, that their work has been canonized. Two examples of such works that treat the body as a stage and a surface reflecting inner experiences are Birthday Suit- with scars and defects by Lisa Steele (174) and 60 unit; bruise by Paul Wong and Kenneth Fletcher (176). A close examination of the thematic, formal, and conceptual relationships between these two works will serve to reveal and define the way in which video was used at the time, and what kind of standard was set for future artists. The thematic relationships between Lisa Steele's work and Paul Wong's are multifold. The body, and more specifically its skin, and how the traces left upon it by time and circumstance is central to both videos. Both videos invite us to ponder upon what these traces mean and how they should be read and interpreted.

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Lisa Steele begins Birthday suit scars and defects by redefining the body. 'I'm going to show you my birthday suit, with scars and defects' She substitutes the notion of the body as a vessel with the notion of the body as a garment. This substitution sets the stage for the rest of the video. As she walks the viewer through every scar on her body in chronological order, she pauses to rub each scar with her finger, and let us in on a brief description of the cause of the scar and its 'date of birth'. Paul Wong's and Kenneth Fletcher's piece 60 unit Bruise also addresses the theme of the body, and especially the skin, as a reflection of experience. The difference being that in this piece we actually watch the event that leads to the bruise that appears on Paul Wong's shoulder at the end of the piece, take place. The bruise is caused by an injection of blood from Kenneth Fletcher to Paul Wong. We witness it and are left to ponder upon the implications and consequences of human interaction. The fact that we can be marked by our interaction with others physically and spiritually, the revelation that the experience of that interaction not only leaves a trail in memory, but can also leave a trail on our body; that our body, our skin, can reflect that interaction, the pain and beauty of it, is what makes this piece so powerful. Both pieces also address history in the way that they both have the feel of history in the making. There is no artifice. The moments we are made to witness are moments of truth if not only because of the transparency of their formal aspects. There is a resemblance to the Vrit movement in cinema that cannot be ignored. The difference being of course that the makers have turned their cameras upon themselves. Nevertheless, much like Vrit works, both pieces have the feel of historical documents and hence address history and create it. Richard Fung wrote of 60 Unit Bruise that it has 'the character of a time capsule, a missive from another era' . Lisa Steele chronologically documents her scars on her birthday, thus tracing a deeply personal history of indelible physical pain for us. The intensity and focus of both works points straight to the future and the place that they would occupy there as historical, groundbreaking art pieces.These two pieces not only willfully projected themselves towards the future, but inscribed themselves in their own time by their flat rebellion against, and rejection of, what video was predominantly being used for at the time television. Peggy Gale writes that 'in those first years, the fact that video was 'not television' was crucial for artists in Canada; broadcast TV was far more monolithic at that time' The homo eroticism in 60 Unit bruise, the reference to drug abuse implied by the needle sharing, and the emphasis on the intimate bond that needle sharing creates was as far from the mainstream representation of drug abuse then, as it is now. As far as Lisa Steele's Birthday suit scars and defects is concerned the way in which Lisa Steele represents herself as a female is also revolutionary. She represents herself not in relation to what is expected of her as a female, but rather in relation to what she expects of herself. Sherry Milner says it best when she says that Lisa Steele 'instead of using the camera to fix up her body or to perfect her image she uses it to look at the battle scars of being a woman.' To this day, where the representation of woman in the media is dominated by male expectations, the screening of this tape is a revolution against the way woman portray themselves and are portrayed in the media. The piece presents the female body as a scarred surface, with no make up to hide nor camouflage. The power of this piece resides in the fact that it is a rare portrayal of the female body, not as an object to provoke arousal, but rather as a map that traces the personal painful history of an individual.The thematic relationships between these two works arise from the fact that they both focus on the body. They address history and challenge dominant mainstream modes of representation. Equally as important is the formal relationship between the two pieces. The bareness and minimalism of the camera work, the editing, the mise en scene, and sound… All of which was a result of the limited resources available to both artists. Peggy Gale describes the equipment at the time as 'very low tech ' and as being limited to only 'a camera and monitor' The simple and straightforward camerawork in both pieces breeds intimacy. Intimacy because the camera is not operated and is left to be what it is a recording device operated only by the eye of the viewer. The viewer is brought one step closer to what is happening in front of the camera because the invisible camera operator that usually filters and selects what is seen is absent. The artist(s) in both cases have complete control and because of this only have a limited range of options. The scope of the production is reduced to one or in the case of 60 Unit Bruise two artists. The use of this method is the trademark of the early video years, one of the aspects that made video art distinct from mainstream television production. The moving picture had finally returned to the hands of one single individual artist who had nothing but a video camera, a monitor and the freedom of his/her convictions and inspirations. The lighting in both videos is not stylized and in Lisa Steele's case is so rough at times that a handycam aesthetic is created. The poverty of the image defines the recording device in space, and makes it obvious to the viewer. This principle contradicted the invisible camera aesthetic used in mainstream film and video productions something the artists were probably aware of. Furthermore the editing in both videos is minimalistic, 60 unit bruise consists of one single stationary shot, a camera on a tripod, Lisa Steele 's video barely has a cut. The sound is raw, no boom pole, or sound recordist, just the camera mic and that's it. We are witnesses to a recording, like a message on an answering machine, the nature of the material, because it isn't there to entertain or to fool, but to be taken seriously, suits this aesthetic like a glove. The artists move around the camera, not vice versa, they are aware of the camera, and acknowledge it, it's not a show, no voyeuristic experience, but a confessional, an exhibition of art, hence the intensity of both videos. Because the body is central to both videos the conceptual relationship between both videos is strong. Both videos contain the notion of the body as a stage and map of human experience, a cue for memory, and a crude and poetic recording device.In both videos there is also the ritualistic aspect of marking the body, and honoring those marks, visible traces of pain once endured. In both videos the body is a map and stage for the artist's memory. The difference being that 60 unit bruise because of its performative nature uses the body as a canvas, we see the body marked by the infusion of alien blood, the blooming of the bruise on Paul Wong's shoulder and the video comes to an end. In Lisa Steele's video we are taught the history of her birthday suit, the body becomes a blackboard, a stage for memory and recollection, no scar is created, but rather, all scars are remembered. In Paul Wong's and Kenneth Fletcher's video the body is used to record an event, in Lisa Steele's the body is read.In both videos a ritual takes place before the camera. Lisa Steele's ritual is more narrative in nature, because speech is used to tell the tale of scars, and to communicate the nature of the ritual to the viewer. The average ritual of the birthday celebration is subverted here. It is not public, it is intimate, the artist is naked and alone with the camera, and by extension the viewer. At the end of the video, she chants the traditional song and it's up to the viewer to figure out whether, there are a dozen more tapes of previous birthdays stowed away in Steele's attic. One is also left to make the connection between the twenty-six years of the author and the scars behind them. This work celebrates the artist's survival, her having 'made it', especially because the last scar was caused by the removal of a benign tumour. This is no routine birthday celebration, celebrated because of tradition, but rather a meaningful ritual, invested with meaning, which celebrates survival and endurance.60 Unit bruise also has an undeniable ritualistic feel to it. Like most rituals, it is a performance. The solemnity of the artists stresses this. Their silence indicates that they are focused on the task at hand, and have said everything that had to be said about it, before they turned on the camera. On the part of both Paul Wong and Kenneth Fletcher, there seems to be a reverence for what they are performing a modern day blood brother ritual of sorts, that doesn't need speech, that speaks for itself. The modernity of the ritual is proclaimed by the needle, the fact that they use it, is a clear-cut allusion to drug abuse. This reveals the use of heroin as ritualistic, and that in fact that two people who share the same needle do bond in a way. The bruise that results of the injection of Kenneth Fletcher's blood into Paul Wong's body is symbolic of many things and gives the ritual, its proper denouement. An important detail of this particular ritual is that it is interracial. In its guileless simplicity this ritual speaks volumes about the issue of accepting others and the nature of such a process. It provokes the viewer into drawing a parallel between our body's reaction to alien blood and our reaction to foreigners. It stresses the us and them effect, colors it, and makes it visible. In many cases, one accepts foreigners at the risk of being marked and marginalized. One has only to visit a schoolyard, and watch children play for an hour to see these dynamics at work. However another more universal reading of Paul Wong's and Kenneth Fletcher's ritual can be made however. Whatever applies to this ritual culturally and socially, can also be read on an individual level. Truth be told Paul Wong and Kenneth Fletcher were lovers. Paul Wong admitted to this in a 18 Fuse magazine interview . The ritual then can also be read on a very personal and intimate level one can see it as portraying the pain and the glory of accepting a loved one into one's self, the beauty of it, so perfectly embodied by the bloom of the beautiful purple bruise on Paul Wong's shoulder.60 Unit; Bruise and Birthday Suit Scars and Defects both come from the same era. This explains a lot of the similarities between them. The low tech material, the restricted resources available to video artists gave the artists an impulse to make do with what they had, and not to create something to be watched, but to be experienced. The fact that Lisa Steele, Paul Wong, and Kenneth Fletcher chose to use their bodies as the stage, map and canvas of their experiences on camera, and that both works are militant and marginalize themselves even today by virtue of their experimental qualities, is evidence enough that a strong bond exists between the two works. A bond affirmed by the exhibitionism evident in both works and the ritualistic component they both undeniably have.

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Final Executive Report

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FINAL EXECUTIVE REPORTDear Members of the College Audit GroupIntroduction and Statement of PurposeA recent study has been performed to evaluate college performance levels in different regions of the nation. The country was separated into regions and thirty colleges and universities were selected randomly from each of these regions to form the basis for this study. There is no reason to believe that the data collected from the colleges selected do not resemble the majority of the total colleges in each region. The data obtained from these colleges represented several variables; however, only a few will be discussed in this report. In this phase of the report, studies were aimed at evaluation different variable than that of the first phase of the report (Appendix); however, some findings in the first phase can be directly related to the findings of this phase. This phase of the study also places more emphasis on the public or private status of colleges rather than their respective division levels. For clarity however, the findings in the first phase will be reiterated here. The following report, which is supported by tables on the following pages, will briefly summarize the findings of this study.

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Professor SalariesThe study showed that professors at colleges in the West and Northeast tend to have higher salaries than all other regions by $8,000-$1,000 and are well over the national salary average by $,000. This also holds true for professors at Division I schools who make on average $1,000-$0,000 more per year than professors at Division IIA and IIB schools and have a higher average salary than the national average professor salary by $14,000. Professors at colleges in the Central and Mountain regions of the country tended to have the lowest average salaries of all regions. In-State TuitionThe regions showed the same trend with in-state tuition as were with professor salaries. The schools in the Northeast and West appeared to have much higher in-state tuition costs than other regions, being $5,000 over the national average, while the schools in the Mountain region had the lowest being $4,000 under the national average. Division IIB schools tended to have much higher in-state tuition costs that division I and division IIA, usually by $,000-$4,000. Student/Faculty RatioThe Northeast and Western colleges tended to also have lower student/faculty ratios. Northeast colleges had a much lower ratio though by almost 0.7 and was almost .0 students better than the national average. South Central region schools had the highest student/faculty ratio, well over the national average by .5 students. Division IIB schools also appeared to have lower student/faculty ratios than other college divisions, well over a whole student better than division I schools and the national average. Instructional Expenditures per StudentWestern and Northeast regions appeared to have higher instructional expenditures per student than the national average by $,000-$4,000. Mountain and South Central region schools tended to have the lowest instructional expenditures, being roughly $,000 under the national average. Division I schools also have much higher instructional expenditures than Division II schools and are almost $4,000 higher than the national average. Faculty Members with a PHDThis part of the study was aimed at determining whether there is a difference between the average amount of faculty members with a PHD in public and private colleges. The two regions selected for this study were the Mid-Atlantic and Central regions. Both regions showed that public universities have a significantly higher percentage of faculty members with a PHD than that of private universities. After looking at this more in depth, it was found that only one region exhibited a higher average amount of faculty members with a PHD in private colleges the Northwest. Applications Accepted Public vs Private UniversitiesThis part of the study was to test whether or not there is a difference between the population proportions of applications accepted among private and public universities. Two regions were studied; the South Central US region and the Northwest region. In both regions, there was a significant difference between the population proportions of applications accepted among private and public schools. In the South Central region, there was a much higher population proportion in public universities, but in the Northwest region, there was a higher population proportion in the private universities.Relationship of Division Level to Public or Private StatusThe last part of this study focused on testing the independence of college division level to public and private university status. Every college chosen for the study was accounted for in this part of the experiment. After separating each school into categories of respective division level and public or private status, a chi squared test was implemented. The findings concluded that there exists a strong relationship between division level and public or private status. Many more division I schools were public universities, while many more division IIB schools were private universities. ConclusionThe first phase of this study concluded that colleges in the Northeast and Western regions of the US were overall the best colleges to attend. Schools in these regions tended to be the most expensive, but they also yielded the highest education standards. The South Central region and Mountain region tended to show the worst educational standards, but also displayed the lowest costs to attend. South Central schools also exhibited a very high population proportion for received applicants in public schools, so these schools are not only cheap with subpar educational standards, but they also appear easier to be accepted into. This study has also shown that Division I schools generally have higher paid professors. This and the conclusion that more faculty members have a PHD in public universities seem to have a direct relationship, because this study has concluded that many division I schools are public universities. Thus it can be assumed that these professors in Division I schools make more money because much more of the professors at these schools have a PHD. There also appeared to be no direct relationship between a college's public or private status and it's population proportion of received applications. There was; however, a very significant relationship between a college's division level and whether it is a public or private university. Many public universities were at the Division I level, while a huge percentage of Division IIB schools are private universities.

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Compare and contrast essay topics

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The Lottery

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There are many countries in different parts of the world where killing someone is part of the ritual that keeps the members' tribe going or keeps the villagers' property the way they want it to be. In Shirley Jackson's "The Lottery" the tradition of the village is stoning one person to death. Stoning a person means throwing stones at someone until they die. The tradition of stoning people to death has gone on for many years, and that is just brutal. I believe there are many problems with the tradition, and they should find some way to put a halt to the horrid ritual. The main problems with the tradition are the cruelty, the teaching of children to do bad things in life, and the guilt someone would have if they did skip out on the meeting. I don't believe any one person should have to go through something this dreadful draw of a little piece of paper. Well, they used to use wooden chips to put in the symbolized black box, but they got cheap and started using paper. If one is picked, I guarantee that one innocent soul is going to go through a slow and painful death. When I think of the word lottery, I think of money and winning something. When there is a lottery, there has to be some kind of money or award given out to the winner, not death to the person that wins the lottery. This is not a lottery. This is a death draw. There is not a winner in this lottery. There is only one lonesome loser. I would hate to live in any place where they have any solemnization like this one. Cruelty is one major problem in the tradition of the residents in "The Lottery". Who could actually have a tradition in which your friends kill you if you draw the winning card? Where I come from, you win something if you draw the right card. In this story Mr. Summers calls each person up to the table to draw a piece of paper out of the black box. If your piece of paper has a black dot on it, then you are the chosen one to die. Who could actually be so evil as to kill someone by throwing enough stones at them to kill them? That is what they did in this village. Now, that is quite harsh of the people in the early years for making this a tradition. Mr. Hutchinson and his kids even threw stones at his wife and helped kill Mrs. Hutchinson. I don't believe I would be able to stand there and throw rocks and watch other people throw rocks at my wife or mom. I would probably end up throwing the stone at everyone that was actually killing my mom. I hope everyone, except the people with this ritual, would do the same thing. This barbarous tradition just shows what kind of people there are in this sick world.

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This is the kind of thing that makes kids the way they are these days. Some kids are evil these days, because after watching these things, they think it is right for them to go out and do the same thing to anyone around. In the beginning of the "The Lottery" the younger kids were getting smooth stones together. The reason, I found out later, they were doing that is so they could have good stones to throw at the drawn one. "The children had stones already, and someone gave little Davy Hutchinson a few pebbles," (Jackson 8). How could parents let their kids be involved in this kind of thing? Well, I guess since it is part of the ritual, then they should be part of it also. Can you imagine what those kids are going to be like if they move somewhere else? They will be those kids at recess who think it is ok to throw rocks at other kids. They might not throw the biggest stones, but they still help kill the victim. Little Davy Hutchinson even had to help kill Tessie, his mother, with stones. Think what someone like little Davy is going to have in their head for the rest of their life. If little Davy ever moved and he became friends with some kids somewhere they don't have a ritual like that, then what is he going to say if they ask where his mother is? Oh, I killed her about two years ago. He won't have any friends after he tells them that. I couldn't live thinking that I killed my own mother sometime in my past, even if it was for a ritual my village had. Personally, I just think it would be wrong to have some little kids throwing stones at some innocent person to hurt them, let alone kill them. I believe someone could just not attend the tradition, but then something might happen to that person. If for instance, Tessie didn't even show up to the square, then everyone might chose her as the person to die, since she was trying to skip out so she wouldn't have to die. I believe the only way out of this tradition is going on a vacation on the day of the event. Even at that, someone could notice that one is missing and wait, and kill the one person that is trying to ditch the ritual of their very own village. The drawing would also be messed up, because Mr. Summers puts just the right amount of papers in the black box for the population of the village. Therefore, there would be one extra paper if she didn't show up. When someone found out that she was not accounted for they would let Mr. Summers know, and she would have to have that last piece of paper no matter what. That is what I believe would happen if Tessie just decided not to show up. Also, it is a tradition that has been going on for more than seventy-seven years, and one wouldn't want to scramble the tradition by not attending the event. The tradition would fall further down the actual hill if people started deciding not to come. This tradition should have stopped quite a long time ago, but I guess since they are used to it then they think it is just part of life. This ethic has many problems I believe. The mains ones are the cruelty of it, the things it teaches kids, and the things a person would go through if they skipped the ritual. Can you imagine what it would be like to live in a place that does those kind of things? Every year, when that time came around, you could die. I just would hate to think that I could be dying sometime every year. I would just accidentally plan a vacation for the family on that day, so my family and I wouldn't have to take place at the event. There are places in other countries that still do those kind of things. I don't believe that is legal here in the states, but I know for a fact they do it in other areas of the world. That is just some people's way of living. They believe if they are the chosen one then it was their time to go. "The Lottery" shows the life of some people around the world, and what they actually have to look forward to every year. Someone has to sacrifice there life for everyone else to live happily ever after, well that is for a year. Shirley Jackson did an awesome job on this story, and the story tells the facts of some people's rituals.

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