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The Massachusetts State Police Air Wing is a unit within the Department of State Police, which specializes in support of ground police operations through the use of its aircraft. The unit currently consists of 5 helicopters four twin engine American Eurocopter AS55N Twin Star models, and one single engine AS50 Astar. The single engine Astar is the oldest in the fleet, and is used primarily as a training copter for newer pilots and autorotation drills. Autorotation is not practiced in the twin-engine aircraft because it is not endorsed by the factory due to the extremely miniscule odds associated with simultaneous catastrophic failure of both engines. Autorotation is a condition where the main rotor is allowed to spin faster than the engine driving it. All helicopters are fitted with a free wheeling unit between the engine and the main rotor, usually in the transmission. The free wheeling unit will allow the engine to drive the rotors but not allow the rotors to turn the engine. When the engine/s fail the main rotor will still have a considerable amount of inertia and will still want to turn under its own force and through the aerodynamic force of the air through which it is flying. The free wheeling unit is designed in such a way to allow the main rotor to now rotate of its own free will regardless of engine speed. This principle is the same reason that if you are in your car and you push your clutch in, or put it into neutral while the car is still moving, the car will coast along under its own force. This occurs regardless of what you do to the accelerator pedal. The pilot will still have complete control of his descent and his flight controls. The majority of helicopters are designed with a hydraulic pump mounted on the main transmission. As the rotor will still be turning the transmission, the pilot will still have hydraulically assisted flight controls. The pilot will be able to control his descent speed and main rotor RPM with his collective control stick. He will be able to control his main rotor RPM by increasing the collective pitch, which will increase drag on the rotor blades and thereby slow the main rotor. If he needs to increase his rotor RPM, he can decrease his collective pitch therefore decreasing drag. The pilot will usually be able to find a suitable area for a safe landing by normal manipulation of his cyclic control stick and his directional, or tail rotor pedals. Larger helicopters will usually have a generator mounted on the transmission that will still provide electrical power for flight and communication systems.
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Torque effect is the aircrafts tendency to rotate in the opposite direction to the main rotor due to Newtons third law Every action has an equal and opposite reaction. This is the reason why we need a tail rotor or some other form of anti-torque control. The question at hand is what happens to torque effect during autorotation? Well torque effect is directly proportional to the amount of force driving the main rotor, so when the engine fails the amount of force driving the main rotor instantaneously decreases and therefore the torque effect decreases. This being the case the fuselage of the helicopter will tend to rotate due to the sudden lack of torque effect. The pilot will therefore have to immediately manipulate his directional pedals to overcome this problem and retain control of his aircraft. So in conclusion if your helicopters engine/s should fail it is not just possible, but quite easy for the pilot to retain control and land safely and gently. This is the reason many people believe that helicopters are far safer and more fun to fly in than fixed wing aircraft. A fixed wing aircraft will always need forward speed to safely land, with or without an engine operating. A helicopter can be made to land with zero forward speed whether the engine is operating or not. Last year, the Air Wing's helicopters undertook approximately 100 missions, logging in over 000 flight hours. Placed into relative terms, 000+ flight hours is the equivalent of 14 weeks of being airborne for 4 hours a day straight. In addition to its six helicopters, the Airwing operates from two bases and has thirty personnel. Twelve of the members are pilots, of which half were military helicopter pilots. Acquisition of a new helicopter is an expensive undertaking. The complete price tag of one TwinStar is $.175 million. Half of the cost is for the helicopter itself, and half is for the sophisticated equipment installed on it. The helicopter bodies and engines are manufactured in France, and finished in England, with all of the electronic equipment installed there. The copter is then sent back to France where it is disassembled and shipped over to Texas on a barge. At Eurocopter's Texas facility, the helicopter is reassembled, prepped for flight and readied for delivery. Delivery can be arranged in two ways. Either the factory's pilots can fly the helicopter to the customer, or the customer can send its own pilots to Texas to pick up the aircraft and fly it back. Payment for the helicopter is handled in thirds. The first installment is due upon the initial inspection of the build sheet. The second is due when construction of the aircraft has been completed, and the third is due when it is delivered. Fifteen percent of the total purchase price ($476,50.00) is withheld by the State Police until after the copter has been delivered and has been test flown, inspected, and placed into operation. The funding for the purchase of a helicopter is not provided for within the regular State Police budget, nor is it received as a supplemental budget. Helicopter acquisition is funded through the use of Capital Improvement funds whose dollar source is transportation bonds issued by the Commonwealth. The Massachusetts State Police is authorized, through legislation, to make capital improvements through the use of bond money. The money is legislatively appropriated with a spending cap. The spending cap is set by legislation across the Commonwealth for all agencies. The Secretary of Public Safety may authorize $10 million in bonds to be issued per year, generating revenue for large-scale capital improvements. Any given year, under the Secretary's discretion, $10 million can be spent. Every Secretariat has a cap, but the cap levels vary. The cap cannot be exceeded, so every year agencies within the department of Public Safety scramble to get their projects and expenditures approved as part of the $10 million. This year, the Air Wing was approved for the purchase of a sixth TwinStar, but ran up against the spending cap. The State Police needs new cruisers, improvements to the infrastructure of the radio system, and Mobile Data Terminals. These expenditures were expensive enough so as to leave not enough money left over to purchase another helicopter and remain under the cap, so the unit is looking to next year as a possibility. The Air Wing's annual operating budget, excluding salaries, is $700,000. This amount covers leased space, utilities, jet fuel, aircraft parts and operating expenses related to the aircraft. Maintenance personnel are no longer contracted out. The State Police now has its own maintenance personnel hired directly to maintain and service the helicopters. The advantage is that there is now more accountability as well as availability from the mechanics. The helicopters carry a minimum crew of two, consisting of a Pilot in Command (PIC) and a Tactical Flight Officer (TFO). The pilot flies the aircraft and the TFO controls all of the equipment on board. The sophisticated equipment includes an Inframetrics Mark III color camera with a 17 to 1 continuous zoom, a FLIR (forward looking infrared) camera which can detect 1 degree Celsius variation from 1000 feet. An 8mm recorder is able to tape anything which the camera or FLIR sees. A NightSun searchlight is mounted on the underside of the helicopters. It has a 0 million candlepower adjustable beam and is slaved to the FLIR system. Crew members are equipped with NightVision goggles for use during night flying. The copter can provide a microwave downlink to a briefcase receiver. The range to the briefcase receiver is six to thirty miles line of sight and is encryption protected. The briefcase allows an incident commander on the ground below to be able to see a scene from high above. Anything the cameras on the copter can film is capable of being transmitted to the briefcase. This capability is extremely useful in tactical situations where a fly-over of a scene can provide an aerial view in real-time to the commander down below. During the Worcester Cold Storage building fire in 1, this device was employed to downlink infrared images of hot spots in the structure to the Fire Chief who was directing the water cannons. The copter itself can be equipped to help battle forest fires with the Bambi bucket attachment used to scoop water from lakes and dump it out over specific areas for fire suppression. Communications equipment includes three independent radios, which enable the crew to communicate with almost any agency on any frequency. As long as the frequency is known, they can dial into that frequency and transmit and receive directly. A satellite phone ensures that phone calls can be made from the helicopter, even in remote locations which lack standard cellular telephone services. Getting to scenes is made easier through the use of a mapping system on board. This system allows the pilot to input an address or GPS coordinates and track a flight path directly to the location. This display looks much like the online mapping from websites such as "MapQuest." The Airwing runs two shifts per day, every day, from 7am to pm and pm to 11pm. They are also on-call during the overnight hours in the event of an emergency or authorized callout. The Airwing is available to assist the State Police and any other local police agency which requests its services. From land and water rescue, to pursuits and missing person searches and everything in between, an agency simply needs to call and ask for their help. Ideally, the Airwing plans to expand to 6 TwinStar helicopters and add another airbase to provide more convenient and effective coverage for all areas of the Commonwealth.
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